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首页2005版IEEE Verilog硬件描述语言标准详解
2005版IEEE Verilog硬件描述语言标准详解
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"IEEE Std 1364TM-2005是关于Verilog硬件描述语言的IEEE标准,用于设计自动化领域的电路系统描述。"
Verilog是电子设计自动化(EDA)领域广泛使用的高级语言,它允许工程师以抽象的方式描述数字系统的逻辑行为和结构。这个标准,IEEE Std 1364-2005,是对2001年版本的修订,提供了更加完善的语法和规范,以便于设计者创建、验证和模拟集成电路以及系统级的设计。
该标准涵盖以下几个核心知识点:
1. **语言结构**:Verilog包括模块、端口、变量、运算符、任务、函数等基本元素,用于构建复杂的数字系统模型。2005版可能对这些元素进行了更新和增强,以适应不断发展的设计需求。
2. **数据类型**:Verilog支持多种数据类型,如reg、wire、integer、real等,用于表示不同的信号和计算值。标准可能对数据类型的使用规则和限制进行了更清晰的定义。
3. **进程和时序控制**:Verilog中的always块用于描述时序逻辑,非阻塞赋值(<=)和阻塞赋值(=)处理了事件驱动的并发行为。2005版可能对这些语句的用法和行为有更精确的解释。
4. **模块化设计**:Verilog鼓励模块化设计,通过实例化模块来复用设计代码,提高了设计的可重用性和可维护性。2005版可能包含对模块接口和实例化过程的改进。
5. **综合与仿真**:标准规定了Verilog代码如何被综合成硬件门级网表,以及如何进行行为级仿真。这涉及到语言的合成规则和仿真模型的定义。
6. **接口与封装**:在系统级设计中,接口和封装是重要的概念,用于连接不同模块和外部实体。2005版可能包含了更先进的接口定义和封装方法。
7. **高级特性**:Verilog还支持类(class)、动态数组(dynamic array)、随机化(randomization)等功能,用于高级设计和测试。这些特性在2005版中可能得到了增强和扩展。
8. **一致性与兼容性**:作为IEEE标准,2005版的Verilog确保了跨工具和平台的一致性,允许设计者在不同的EDA环境中无缝地使用代码。
9. **错误处理与调试**:标准可能定义了错误消息和警告的标准,以及如何利用断点、观察点等工具进行调试。
10. **应用范围**:Verilog不仅适用于数字逻辑设计,还可以应用于系统级设计、IP核开发、FPGA和ASIC实现等多个领域。
IEEE Std 1364-2005是Verilog语言的权威参考,对于学习和实践Verilog的工程师来说,是必不可少的参考资料。它提供了全面的语言规范,有助于确保设计的准确性和一致性,推动了电子设计行业的标准化进程。
xiv Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
17.7.3 $realtime ...................................................................................................................... 310
17.8 Conversion functions ................................................................................................................. 310
17.9 Probabilistic distribution functions............................................................................................ 311
17.9.1 $random function......................................................................................................... 311
17.9.2 $dist_ functions............................................................................................................ 312
17.9.3 Algorithm for probabilistic distribution functions....................................................... 313
17.10 Command line input................................................................................................................... 320
17.10.1 $test$plusargs (string)..................................................................................................320
17.10.2 $value$plusargs (user_string, variable) ....................................................................... 321
17.11 Math functions ........................................................................................................................... 323
17.11.1 Integer math functions ................................................................................................. 323
17.11.2 Real math functions ..................................................................................................... 323
18. Value change dump (VCD) files ......................................................................................................... 325
18.1 Creating four-state VCD file...................................................................................................... 325
18.1.1 Specifying name of dump file ($dumpfile).................................................................. 325
18.1.2 Specifying variables to be dumped ($dumpvars) ........................................................ 326
18.1.3 Stopping and resuming the dump ($dumpoff/$dumpon)............................................. 327
18.1.4 Generating a checkpoint ($dumpall)............................................................................ 328
18.1.5 Limiting size of dump file ($dumplimit) ..................................................................... 328
18.1.6 Reading dump file during simulation ($dumpflush).................................................... 328
18.2 Format of four-state VCD file ................................................................................................... 329
18.2.1 Syntax of four-state VCD file...................................................................................... 330
18.2.2 Formats of variable values........................................................................................... 331
18.2.3 Description of keyword commands ............................................................................. 332
18.2.4 Four-state VCD file format example ........................................................................... 337
18.3 Creating extended VCD file ...................................................................................................... 338
18.3.1 Specifying dump file name and ports to be dumped ($dumpports)............................. 338
18.3.2 Stopping and resuming the dump ($dumpportsoff/$dumpportson)............................. 339
18.3.3 Generating a checkpoint ($dumpportsall).................................................................... 340
18.3.4 Limiting size of dump file ($dumpportslimit) ............................................................. 340
18.3.5 Reading dump file during simulation ($dumpportsflush)............................................ 341
18.3.6 Description of keyword commands ............................................................................. 341
18.3.7 General rules for extended VCD system tasks ............................................................ 341
18.4 Format of extended VCD file .................................................................................................... 342
18.4.1 Syntax of extended VCD file....................................................................................... 342
18.4.2 Extended VCD node information ................................................................................ 344
18.4.3 Value changes .............................................................................................................. 346
18.4.4 Extended VCD file format example ............................................................................ 347
19. Compiler directives.............................................................................................................................. 349
19.1 `celldefine and `endcelldefine.................................................................................................... 349
19.2 `default_nettype ......................................................................................................................... 349
19.3 `define and `undef...................................................................................................................... 350
19.3.1 `define .......................................................................................................................... 350
19.3.2 `undef ........................................................................................................................... 352
19.4 `ifdef, `else, `elsif, `endif, `ifndef .............................................................................................. 352
19.5 `include ...................................................................................................................................... 356
19.6 `resetall....................................................................................................................................... 356
19.7 `line ............................................................................................................................................ 357
19.8 `timescale ................................................................................................................................... 358
19.9 `unconnected_drive and `nounconnected_drive ........................................................................ 360
19.10 `pragma ...................................................................................................................................... 360
19.10.1 Standard pragmas.........................................................................................................361
Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. xv
19.11 `begin_keywords, `end_keywords.............................................................................................361
20. Programming language interface (PLI) overview ............................................................................... 366
20.1 PLI purpose and history............................................................................................................. 366
20.2 User-defined system task/function names ................................................................................. 367
20.3 User-defined system task/function types ................................................................................... 367
20.4 Overriding built-in system task/function names ........................................................................ 367
20.5 User-supplied PLI applications.................................................................................................. 367
20.6 PLI mechanism .......................................................................................................................... 368
20.7 User-defined system task/function arguments ........................................................................... 368
20.8 PLI include files......................................................................................................................... 368
21. PLI TF and ACC interface mechanism (deprecated)........................................................................... 369
22. Using ACC routines (deprecated)........................................................................................................ 370
23. ACC routine definitions (deprecated).................................................................................................. 371
24. Using TF routines (deprecated) ........................................................................................................... 372
25. TF routine definitions (deprecated) ..................................................................................................... 373
26. Using Verilog procedural interface (VPI) routines.............................................................................. 374
26.1 VPI system tasks and functions ................................................................................................. 374
26.1.1 sizetf VPI application routine ...................................................................................... 374
26.1.2 compiletf VPI application routine................................................................................ 374
26.1.3 calltf VPI application routine....................................................................................... 375
26.1.4 Arguments to sizetf, compiletf, and calltf application routines................................... 375
26.2 VPI mechanism.......................................................................................................................... 375
26.2.1 VPI callbacks ............................................................................................................... 375
26.2.2 VPI access to Verilog HDL objects and simulation objects........................................ 376
26.2.3 Error handling .............................................................................................................. 376
26.2.4 Function availability .................................................................................................... 376
26.2.5 Traversing expressions ................................................................................................ 377
26.3 VPI object classifications........................................................................................................... 377
26.3.1 Accessing object relationships and properties ............................................................. 378
26.3.2 Object type properties.................................................................................................. 379
26.3.3 Object file and line properties...................................................................................... 380
26.3.4 Delays and values ........................................................................................................ 380
26.3.5 Object protection properties......................................................................................... 381
26.4 List of VPI routines by functional category............................................................................... 381
26.5 Key to data model diagrams ...................................................................................................... 383
26.5.1 Diagram key for objects and classes ........................................................................... 384
26.5.2 Diagram key for accessing properties.......................................................................... 384
26.5.3 Diagram key for traversing relationships .................................................................... 385
26.6 Object data model diagrams ...................................................................................................... 386
26.6.1 Module ......................................................................................................................... 387
26.6.2 Instance arrays ............................................................................................................. 388
26.6.3 Scope............................................................................................................................ 389
26.6.4 IO declaration .............................................................................................................. 389
26.6.5 Ports ............................................................................................................................. 390
26.6.6 Nets and net arrays.......................................................................................................391
26.6.7 Regs and reg arrays...................................................................................................... 393
26.6.8 Variables ...................................................................................................................... 395
xvi Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
26.6.9 Memory........................................................................................................................ 396
26.6.10 Object range................................................................................................................. 396
26.6.11 Named event ................................................................................................................ 397
26.6.12 Parameter, specparam .................................................................................................. 398
26.6.13 Primitive, prim term.....................................................................................................399
26.6.14 UDP ............................................................................................................................. 400
26.6.15 Module path, path term................................................................................................ 401
26.6.16 Intermodule path .......................................................................................................... 401
26.6.17 Timing check ............................................................................................................... 402
26.6.18 Task, function declaration............................................................................................ 402
26.6.19 Task/function call ........................................................................................................ 403
26.6.20 Frames.......................................................................................................................... 404
26.6.21 Delay terminals ............................................................................................................ 405
26.6.22 Net drivers and loads ................................................................................................... 405
26.6.23 Reg drivers and loads................................................................................................... 406
26.6.24 Continuous assignment ................................................................................................ 406
26.6.25 Simple expressions ...................................................................................................... 407
26.6.26 Expressions .................................................................................................................. 408
26.6.27 Process, block, statement, event statement ................................................................. 409
26.6.28 Assignment .................................................................................................................. 410
26.6.29 Delay control................................................................................................................ 410
26.6.30 Event control................................................................................................................ 410
26.6.31 Repeat control .............................................................................................................. 411
26.6.32 While, repeat, wait ....................................................................................................... 411
26.6.33 For................................................................................................................................ 411
26.6.34 Forever ......................................................................................................................... 411
26.6.35 If, if-else....................................................................................................................... 412
26.6.36 Case.............................................................................................................................. 412
26.6.37 Assign statement, deassign, force, release .................................................................. 413
26.6.38 Disable ......................................................................................................................... 413
26.6.39 Callback ....................................................................................................................... 414
26.6.40 Time queue .................................................................................................................. 414
26.6.41 Active time format .......................................................................................................414
26.6.42 Attributes ..................................................................................................................... 415
26.6.43 Iterator.......................................................................................................................... 416
26.6.44 Generates ..................................................................................................................... 417
27. VPI routine definitions......................................................................................................................... 418
27.1 vpi_chk_error() .......................................................................................................................... 418
27.2 vpi_compare_objects()............................................................................................................... 420
27.3 vpi_control() .............................................................................................................................. 420
27.4 vpi_flush().................................................................................................................................. 421
27.5 vpi_free_object()........................................................................................................................ 421
27.6 vpi_get()..................................................................................................................................... 422
27.7 vpi_get_cb_info()....................................................................................................................... 422
27.8 vpi_get_data() .............................................................................................................
............... 423
27.9 vpi_get_delays()......................................................................................................................... 424
27.10 vpi_get_str()............................................................................................................................... 426
27.11 vpi_get_systf_info()................................................................................................................... 427
27.12 vpi_get_time()............................................................................................................................ 428
27.13 vpi_get_userdata() ..................................................................................................................... 429
27.14 vpi_get_value() .......................................................................................................................... 429
27.15 vpi_get_vlog_info() ................................................................................................................... 435
27.16 vpi_handle() ............................................................................................................................... 436
Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. xvii
27.17 vpi_handle_by_index() .............................................................................................................. 437
27.18 vpi_handle_by_multi_index().................................................................................................... 438
27.19 vpi_handle_by_name() .............................................................................................................. 438
27.20 vpi_handle_multi()..................................................................................................................... 439
27.21 vpi_iterate()................................................................................................................................ 439
27.22 vpi_mcd_close()......................................................................................................................... 440
27.23 vpi_mcd_flush()......................................................................................................................... 441
27.24 vpi_mcd_name() ........................................................................................................................ 441
27.25 vpi_mcd_open() ......................................................................................................................... 442
27.26 vpi_mcd_printf()........................................................................................................................ 443
27.27 vpi_mcd_vprintf()...................................................................................................................... 444
27.28 vpi_printf()................................................................................................................................. 444
27.29 vpi_put_data()............................................................................................................................ 445
27.30 vpi_put_delays() ........................................................................................................................ 447
27.31 vpi_put_userdata() ..................................................................................................................... 450
27.32 vpi_put_value().......................................................................................................................... 450
27.33 vpi_register_cb()........................................................................................................................ 453
27.33.1 Simulation event callbacks .......................................................................................... 454
27.33.2 Simulation time callbacks............................................................................................ 458
27.33.3 Simulator action or feature callbacks........................................................................... 460
27.34 vpi_register_systf() .................................................................................................................... 461
27.34.1 System task/function callbacks.................................................................................... 462
27.34.2 Initializing VPI system task/function callbacks........................................................... 463
27.34.3 Registering multiple system tasks and functions......................................................... 464
27.35 vpi_remove_cb()........................................................................................................................ 465
27.36 vpi_scan()................................................................................................................................... 465
27.37 vpi_vprintf()............................................................................................................................... 466
28. Protected envelopes ............................................................................................................................. 467
28.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 467
28.2 Processing protected envelopes ................................................................................................. 467
28.2.1 Encryption.................................................................................................................... 468
28.2.2 Decryption ................................................................................................................... 469
28.3 Protect pragma directives........................................................................................................... 469
28.4 Protect pragma keywords........................................................................................................... 471
28.4.1 begin............................................................................................................................. 471
28.4.2 end................................................................................................................................ 471
28.4.3 begin_protected............................................................................................................ 471
28.4.4 end_protected............................................................................................................... 472
28.4.5 author ........................................................................................................................... 472
28.4.6 author_info................................................................................................................... 473
28.4.7 encrypt_agent............................................................................................................... 473
28.4.8 encrypt_agent_info ...................................................................................................... 473
28.4.9 encoding....................................................................................................................... 474
28.4.10 data_keyowner ............................................................................................................. 475
28.4.11 data_method................................................................................................................. 475
28.4.12 data_keyname .............................................................................................................. 476
28.4.13 data_public_key ........................................................................................................... 477
28.4.14 data_decrypt_key .........................................................................................................477
28.4.15 data_block.................................................................................................................... 478
28.4.16 digest_keyowner ..........................................................................................................478
28.4.17 digest_key_method ...................................................................................................... 478
28.4.18 digest_keyname ...........................................................................................................479
28.4.19 digest_public_key ........................................................................................................479
xviii Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
28.4.20 digest_decrypt_key ...................................................................................................... 480
28.4.21 digest_method.............................................................................................................. 480
28.4.22 digest_block ................................................................................................................. 481
28.4.23 key_keyowner.............................................................................................................. 482
28.4.24 key_method.................................................................................................................. 482
28.4.25 key_keyname ............................................................................................................... 482
28.4.26 key_public_key............................................................................................................ 483
28.4.27 key_block..................................................................................................................... 483
28.4.28 decrypt_license ............................................................................................................ 484
28.4.29 runtime_license............................................................................................................ 484
28.4.30 comment....................................................................................................................... 485
28.4.31 reset.............................................................................................................................. 485
28.4.32 viewport ....................................................................................................................... 486
Annex A (normative) Formal syntax definition .......................................................................................... 487
A.1 Source text ....................................................................................................................... 487
A.1.1 Library source text ............................................................................................. 487
A.1.2 Verilog source text ............................................................................................. 487
A.1.3 Module parameters and ports ............................................................................. 487
A.1.4 Module items...................................................................................................... 488
A.1.5 Configuration source text ................................................................................... 489
A.2 Declarations ..................................................................................................................... 489
A.2.1 Declaration types................................................................................................ 489
A.2.2 Declaration data types ........................................................................................ 490
A.2.3 Declaration lists.................................................................................................. 491
A.2.4 Declaration assignments..................................................................................... 491
A.2.5 Declaration ranges.............................................................................................. 492
A.2.6 Function declarations ......................................................................................... 492
A.2.7 Task declarations................................................................................................ 492
A.2.8 Block item declarations...................................................................................... 493
A.3 Primitive instances........................................................................................................... 493
A.3.1 Primitive instantiation and instances.................................................................. 493
A.3.2 Primitive strengths.............................................................................................. 494
A.3.3 Primitive terminals ............................................................................................. 494
A.3.4 Primitive gate and switch types.......................................................................... 494
A.4 Module instantiation and generate construct ................................................................... 495
A.4.1 Module instantiation........................................................................................... 495
A.4.2 Generate construct.............................................................................................. 495
A.5 UDP declaration and instantiation ................................................................................... 496
A.5.1 UDP declaration ................................................................................................. 496
A.5.2 UDP ports........................................................................................................... 496
A.5.3 UDP body........................................................................................................... 496
A.5.4 UDP instantiation ............................................................................................... 497
A.6 Behavioral statements ...................................................................................................... 497
A.6.1 Continuous assignment statements..................................................................... 497
A.6.2 Procedural blocks and assignments.................................................................... 497
A.6.3 Parallel and sequential blocks ............................................................................ 497
A.6.4 Statements .......................................................................................................... 498
A.6.5 Timing control statements .................................................................................. 498
A.6.6 Conditional statements ....................................................................................... 499
A.6.7 Case statements .................................................................................................. 499
A.6.8 Looping statements ............................................................................................ 499
A.6.9 Task enable statements....................................................................................... 499
A.7 Specify section................................................................................................................. 500
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