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首页D编程入门教程:系统语言融合C++与Java等特性
D编程入门教程:系统语言融合C++与Java等特性
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更新于2024-07-15
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D编程教程 D编程语言是一门面向对象的多范式系统编程语言,它源于对C++编程语言的重构创新。D语言不仅吸收了C++的一些特性,如高效性能和内存管理,还融入了其他编程语言的优点,例如Java的面向对象特性、C#的元编程能力、Python的简洁性以及Ruby的灵活性。因此,D语言提供了一种综合性的编程体验,适合那些寻求一种强大而灵活的语言的开发者。 本教程旨在全面介绍D语言,从基础概念如数据类型、控制结构、函数和类开始,逐步深入到高级主题,比如模板、模块化、泛型编程、异常处理和并发编程。对于初学者来说,教程是学习D语言的绝佳起点,无论是零基础的新手还是经验丰富的开发者,都能从中找到适合自己的学习材料。通过实例演示和详尽的解释,即使是逻辑思维敏锐的初学者也能轻松上手。 在开始教程之前,建议读者具备计算机编程的基本概念,包括如何使用简单的文本编辑器进行代码编写和理解命令行操作。这将有助于更快地理解和掌握D语言的特性和用法。 尽管D语言有时被称为C++的现代化版本,但它并非完全复制C++,而是发展出了一套独特的设计理念,强调可维护性、性能优化和程序员的自由度。通过跟随本教程,您将了解到D语言如何在保持高效的同时,提供了更现代的编程体验,从而提升您的编程技能和项目开发能力。 本D编程教程是帮助您踏上D语言之旅的实用指南,无论您是寻找新语言挑战的探索者,还是寻求性能提升的现有C++开发者,都能从中收获丰富且实用的知识。通过逐步的学习,您将能够熟练运用D语言来构建高效、可扩展的软件系统。
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D Programming
8
D is quite simple to learn and let’s start creating our first D program!
First D Program
Let us write a simple D program. All D files will have extension ".d". So put the following
source code in a test.d file.
import std.stdio;
/* My first program in D */
void main(string[] args)
{
writeln("test!");
}
Assuming D environment is setup correctly, lets run the programming using:
$ dmd test.d
$ ./test
We will get the following output.
test
Let us now see the basic structure of D program, so that it will be easy for you to
understand basic building blocks of the D programming language.
Import in D
Libraries which are collections of reusable program parts can be made available to our
project with the help of import. Here we import the standard io library which provides the
basic I/O operations. writeln which is used in above program is a function in D's standard
library. It is used for printing a line of text. Library contents in D are grouped into modules
which is based on the types of tasks that they intend perform. The only module that this
program uses is std.stdio, which handles data input and output.
Main Function
Main function is the starting of the program and it determines the order of execution and
how other sections of the program should be executed.
3. D ─ Basic Syntax
D Programming
9
Tokens in D
A D program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a
constant, a string literal, or a symbol. For example, the following D statement consists of
four tokens:
writeln("test!");
The individual tokens are:
writeln
(
"test!"
)
;
Comments
Comments are like supporting text in your D program and they are ignored by the
compiler. Multi line comment starts with /* and terminates with the characters */ as shown
below:
/* My first program in D */
Single comment is written using // in the beginning of the comment.
// my first program in D
Identifiers
A D identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user-defined
item. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore _ followed by zero
or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
D does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. D is a case
sensitive programming language. Thus Manpower and manpower are two different
identifiers in D. Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers:
mohd zara abc move_name a_123
myname50 _temp j a23b9 retVal
D Programming
10
Keywords
The following list shows few of the reserved words in D. These reserved words may not be
used as constant or variable or any other identifier names.
abstract
alias
align
asm
assert
auto
body
bool
byte
case
cast
catch
char
class
const
continue
dchar
debug
default
delegate
deprecated
do
double
else
enum
export
extern
false
final
finally
float
for
foreach
function
goto
if
import
in
inout
int
interface
invariant
is
long
macro
mixin
module
new
null
out
override
package
pragma
private
protected
public
real
ref
return
scope
short
static
struct
super
switch
synchronized
template
this
D Programming
11
throw
true
try
typeid
typeof
ubyte
uint
ulong
union
unittest
ushort
version
void
wchar
while
with
Whitespace in D
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and
a D compiler totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in D to describe blanks, tabs, newline characters and
comments. Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and enables the
interpreter to identify where one element in a statement, such as int, ends and the next
element begins. Therefore, in the following statement:
local age
There must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between local and age
for the interpreter to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in the following
statement
int fruit = apples + oranges //get the total fruits
No whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and apples,
although you are free to include some if you wish for readability purpose.
D Programming
12
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate.
Each variable in D has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the
variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the
set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character.
It must begin with either a letter or an underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are distinct
because D is case-sensitive. Based on the basic types explained in the previous chapter,
there will be the following basic variable types:
Type
Description
char
Typically a single octet (one byte). This is an integer type.
int
The most natural size of integer for the machine.
float
A single-precision floating point value.
double
A double-precision floating point value.
void
Represents the absence of type.
D programming language also allows to define various other types of variables such as
Enumeration, Pointer, Array, Structure, Union, etc., which we will cover in subsequent
chapters. For this chapter, let us study only basic variable types.
Variable Definition in D
A variable definition tells the compiler where and how much space to create for the
variable. A variable definition specifies a data type and contains a list of one or more
variables of that type as follows:
type variable_list;
Here, type must be a valid D data type including char, wchar, int, float, double, bool, or
any user-defined object, etc., and variable_list may consist of one or more identifier
names separated by commas. Some valid declarations are shown here:
4. D ─ Variables
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