C++对象模型详解:构造、封装与虚拟功能

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《深入理解C++对象模型》(Inside the C++ Object Model)由斯坦利·利普曼(Stanley Lippman)编著,于1996年5月由Addison-Wesley出版社出版,ISBN号为0-201-83454-5。该书共304页,专为深入探讨C++中的面向对象编程(OOP)机制而设计。书中主要聚焦以下几个核心主题: 1. 构造函数语义:利普曼详细解释了构造函数在创建和初始化对象时的作用,包括构造函数的执行顺序、拷贝构造函数与移动构造函数的区别,以及它们如何影响代码的效率和可靠性。 2. 暂时对象生成:作者阐述了C++中临时对象的生命周期管理,这对于理解对象的创建、销毁过程以及避免内存泄漏至关重要。 3. 封装:书中强调了封装是OOP的核心特性之一,讨论了如何通过访问控制(如公有、私有和保护成员)来实现数据隐藏和模块化设计。 4. 继承:利普曼剖析了基类和派生类之间的关系,包括虚继承的原理和其对运行时多态性的影响,以及子类重写和扩展基类功能的方法。 5. 虚函数与虚拟继承:作者揭示了虚函数的实现机制,包括vtable(虚表)的概念,以及为什么在某些情况下虚拟继承被推荐,以防止钻石问题。 6. 误解与复杂性的澄清:书中纠正了关于C++性能和复杂性的普遍误解,帮助读者理解哪些方面实际上可能带来额外开销,哪些是隐藏的权衡。 7. 实现模型的历史和未来:作者追溯了C++对象模型的发展历程,并预测了可能的演进趋势,使读者了解技术选择背后的逻辑。 8. 语义影响与程序设计:最后,利普曼探讨了C++对象模型对实际编程实践的深远影响,包括如何利用这些特性写出更高效、更具可维护性的代码。 《深入理解C++对象模型》不仅提供理论知识,还提供了实用的指导,使读者能够更好地理解和利用C++语言的面向对象特性,从而提升编程技巧和自信。对于C++开发者来说,这是一本不可多得的参考书籍。

帮我写出以下java代码:Add a class Bubble that extends Shape. The Bubble class has an instance variable called radius of type double that represents the radius of the bubble. The constructor of the Bubble class takes an x and a y as arguments, which represent the position of the new bubble. The radius of a new bubble is always 10 and never changes after that. The isVisible method indicates whether the bubble is currently visible inside a window of width w and height h (position (0, 0) is in the upper-left corner of the window). The bubble is considered visible if at least one pixel of the bubble is visible. Therefore a bubble might be visible even when its center is outside the window, as long as the edge of the bubble is still visible inside the window. The code of the isVisible method is a little bit complex, mostly because of the case where the center of the circle is just outside one of the corners of the window. So here is the code of the isVisible method, which you can directly copy-paste into your assignment: // Find the point (wx, wy) inside the window which is closest to the // center (x, y) of the circle. In other words, find the wx in the // interval [0, w - 1] which is closest to x, and find the wy in the // interval [0, h - 1] which is closest to y. // If the distance between (wx, wy) and (x, y) is less than the radius // of the circle (using Pythagoras's theorem) then at least part of // the circle is visible in the window. // Note: if the center of the circle is inside the window, then (wx, wy) // is the same as (x, y), and the distance is 0. public boolean isVisible(int w, int h) { double x = getX(); double y = getY(); double wx = (x < 0 ? 0 : (x > w - 1 ? w - 1 : x)); double wy = (y < 0 ? 0 : (y > h - 1 ? h - 1 : y)); double dx = wx - x; double dy = wy - y; return dx * dx + dy * dy <= radius * radius; } The isIn method indicates whether the point at coordinates (x, y) (which are the arguments of the method) is currently inside the bubble or not. The edge of the bubble counts as being inside of the bubble. HINT: use Pythagoras's theorem to compute the distance from the center of the bubble to the point (x, y). The draw method uses the graphics object g to draw the bubble. HINT: remember that the color of the graphics object g is changed in the draw method of the superclass of Bubble. Also add a testBubble method to test all your methods (including inherited methods, but excluding the isVisible method, which I provide, and excluding the draw method since it requires as argument a graphics object g that you

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