C++游戏开发入门指南

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"该资源是一本关于使用C++开发游戏的PDF电子书，旨在教授读者如何利用C++语言进行游戏编程。C++是全球许多游戏开发工作室的事实标准语言，因为它提供了一个介于高级软件工程和低级编码之间的方便、低级别的编程语言，适合高性能和实时计算机编程项目。书中涵盖了从基础的C++编程到面向对象编程，以及游戏开发中的关键概念和技术。" 在《学习用C++开发游戏》这本书中，作者逐步引导读者深入C++的世界，从基础开始，包括： 1. **第1章：初识C++** - 介绍了C++语言的基础，让读者理解其语法特性和编程思维。 2. **第2章：使用C++类型编写猜数字游戏** - 这一章通过实际的游戏开发示例，讲解了C++的基本数据类型和控制流。 3. **第3章：创建带有操作符的计算器** - 讲解了C++中的运算符重载，使读者能创建更复杂的程序，例如实现一个基本的计算器。 4. **第4章：使用数组开始C++游戏开发** - 介绍了数组的概念，这是游戏编程中常见的数据结构，用于存储和处理大量数据。 5. **第5章：函数——C++的构建块** - 函数是任何编程语言的核心，这一章深入探讨了C++中的函数定义、调用和参数传递。 6. **第6章：使用流程控制做决策** - 讲述了条件语句（如if-else）和循环结构（如for、while），这些都是编写游戏逻辑的关键。 7. **第7章：使用文件和命名空间组织项目** - 教授如何有效地管理代码，避免命名冲突，并将代码组织成模块化的结构。 8. **第2部分：面向对象编程** - 从第8章开始，进入了C++的面向对象特性，包括类的使用、对象的创建等。 9. **第8章：使用类进行面向对象编程** - 阐述了类的定义、对象的实例化，以及封装的概念。 10. **第9章：使用访问修饰符控制数据** - 解释了private、public和protected的用法，以及如何保护和控制类的成员。 11. **第10章：通过继承构建游戏** - 通过继承机制，展示了如何创建游戏类的层次结构，实现代码复用和扩展。 12. **第11章：使用多态设计游戏代码** - 多态是面向对象编程的重要特性，本章探讨了虚函数和接口，以及它们在游戏设计中的应用。 13. **第12章：复制和赋值数据** - 讨论了对象复制和深浅拷贝的概念，以及在游戏对象管理中的重要性。通过这些章节，读者可以逐步掌握C++语言，了解游戏开发的基本原理和技巧，从而能够创建自己的游戏。这本书不仅适合初学者，也对有经验的开发者提供了深入C++游戏开发的宝贵指导。

12 CHAPTER 2: Writing a Guessing Game with C++ Types

Enums also allow us to assign a value to each element. In the Color enum we currently have Red

assigned the value 0, Green 1 and Blue 2. In the enum definition we could have used the following:

enum class Color

{

Red,

Green = 10,

Blue

};

In the preceding enum, Red is still 0, and Green is 10; however, Blue is 11, as it directly follows Green.

There are few occasions where we need to specify the values of enums as they are most useful for

creating more readable code; but it is useful to understand that this is possible because you will

come across code written by others that will use this feature.

It’s also important to note that the enum class is a C++11 construct. Prior to C++11 the enum would

have been created using the following:

enum Color

{

Red,

Green,

Blue

};

C++11 style enums are known as strongly typed enums. The compiler will not allow you to

accidentally use integers in place of the enum values. It also wouldn’t have been possible to use the

value Red in two different enums.

enum Color

{

Red,

Green,

Blue,

};

enum TrafficLights

{

Red,

Amber,

Green

};

This is not allowed with older enums, as the code to define a variable would look like:

Color currentColor = Red;

TrafficLights = currentLight = Red;

As you can see, we have no way of knowing which Red is to be used. This is even worse with the

Green value, as it would have a different integer representation: 1 in Color and 2 in TrafficLights.

This could cause bugs in our code as it would be valid to use the TrafficLights version of Green

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13CHAPTER 2: Writing a Guessing Game with C++ Types

when we really meant to use the Color version. The compiler would assume that we meant Blue as

both Color::Blue and TrafficLights::Green are representations of 2. Using an enum class, however,

means the code must look like this:

Color currentColor = Color::Red;

TrafficLights = currentLight = TrafficLights::Red;

As you can see, the strongly typed version of enums is much better and provides us with more

explicit code. Always use an enum class where possible in new code.

Enums are the last type introduced in this chapter. We can now spend the rest of the chapter looking

at the different types of operators that C++ supplies to work with our types.

Switching from One Type to Another

Sometimes while writing our programs we will have a value stored as one type, such as an int,

but we would like to use the value from our variable along with a value stored in another variable.

Fortunately C++ can automatically convert from some types to others. The following lines of code

provide some examples:

char charNumber = 1;

int intNumber = charNumber;

float floatNumber = intNumber;

C++ can implicitly convert numbers from one type to another. Going from smaller types to larger

types and from integer types to floats and floats to doubles as well as from integer types to bools are

all legal and carried out automatically by the compiler.

static_cast

Whereas moving from a smaller type to a larger type is safe, moving from a larger type to a smaller

type can cause a loss of data. For example:

int largeNumber = 1000;

char smallNumber = largeNumber;

In this case, the large number would likely be truncated from 1,000 to 127, as that is the largest

number that a signed char variable can hold. This type of data loss is known as a narrowing

conversion. C++ compilers give warnings about this type of conversion and many game

development studios like to keep their code error-free or enable compiler settings that cause all

warnings to become errors. Fortunately C++ provides us with a method to tell the compiler that we

were converting this value on purpose. This method is known as a static cast. An example of the

usage of static_cast would be:

char smallNumber = static_cast<char>(largeNumber);

This code tells the compiler that we are purposefully converting our type to a char and it will not

output any warnings for the conversion.

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