Python Flask微框架入门与部署实践

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Chapter 2: Accessing request data

Introduction

When working with an web application it's sometimes important to access data included in the

request, beyond the URL.

In Flask this is stored under the global request object, which you can access in your code via from

flask import request.

Examples

Accessing query string

The query string is the part of a request following the URL, preceded by a ? mark.

Example: https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&q=stack%20overflow

For this example, we are making a simple echo webserver that echos back everything submitted

to it via the echo field in GET requests.

Example: localhost:5000/echo?echo=echo+this+back+to+me

Flask Example:

from flask import Flask, request

app = Flask(import_name=__name__)

@app.route("/echo")

def echo():

to_echo = request.args.get("echo", "")

response = "{}".format(to_echo)

return response

if __name__ == "__main__":

app.run()

Combined form and query string

Flask also allows access to a CombinedMultiDict that gives access to both the request.form and

request.args attributes under one variable.

This example pulls data from a form field name submitted along with the echo field in the query

string.

Flask Example:

https://riptutorial.com/ 5

A users will normally be loaded from a database. The callback must return an object which

represents a user corresponding to the provided ID. It should return None if the ID is not valid.

@login_manager.user_loader

def load_user(user_id):

return User.get(user_id) # Fetch the user from the database

This can be done directly below creating your LoginManager.

A class representing your user

As mentioned the user_loader callback has to return an object which represent a user. What does

that mean exactly? That object can for example be a wrapper around user objects stored in your

database or simply directly a model from your database. That object has to implement the

following methods and properties. That means that if the callback returns your database model

you need to ensure that the mentioned properties and methods are added to your model.

is_authenticated

This property should return True if the user is authenticated, i.e. they have provided valid

credentials. You will want to ensure that the objects which represent your users returned by

the user_loader callback return True for that method.

•

is_active

This property should return True if this is an active user - in addition to being authenticated,

they also have activated their account, not been suspended, or any condition your

application has for rejecting an account. Inactive accounts may not log in. If you don't have

such a mechanism present return True from this method.

•

is_anonymous

This property should return True if this is an anonymous user. That means that your user

object returned by the user_loader callback should return True.

•

get_id()

This method must return a unicode that uniquely identifies this user, and can be used to load

the user from the user_loader callback. Note that this must be a unicode - if the ID is natively

an int or some other type, you will need to convert it to unicode. If the user_loader callback

returns objects from the database this method will most likely return the database ID of this

particular user. The same ID should of course cause the user_loader callback to return the

same user later on.

•

If you want to make things easier for yourself (**it is in fact recommended) you can inherit from

UserMixin in the object returned by the user_loader callback (presumably a database model). You

can see how those methods and properties are implemented by default in this mixin here.

https://riptutorial.com/ 8

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Python Flask微框架入门与部署实践

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