Django 1.9.8 官方文档速查指南

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"Django官方文档，版本1.9.8.dev20160630130038，由Django Software Foundation发布，日期为2016年6月30日。这份文档涵盖了Django框架的多个方面，包括模型层、视图层、模板层、表单处理、开发过程、管理界面、安全性、国际化与本地化、性能优化、Python兼容性、地理框架以及Django开源项目等。文档还提供了快速入门指南和一系列逐步教程，帮助用户从零开始学习和构建Django应用。" Django是用Python编写的开源Web框架，它遵循MTV（Model-Template-View）设计模式，旨在简化Web应用的开发过程。文档的1.1章节"Getting help"向用户介绍了获取Django支持和帮助的途径，包括社区、邮件列表、文档和报告问题的方法。1.2章节" How the documentation is organized"则解释了文档的结构，帮助读者更好地理解和查找所需信息。 1.3章节"First steps"是初学者的引导，概述了开始使用Django的基本步骤。1.4章节深入到"Model layer"，讨论了如何定义数据模型、数据库操作以及ORM（对象关系映射）。1.5章节"The view layer"讲解了视图的概念，它是处理请求并返回响应的部分。1.6章节"Template layer"介绍了模板语言，用于生成动态HTML页面。 1.7章节"Forms"阐述了如何处理用户输入，创建和验证表单。1.8章节"The development process"描述了Django的开发流程，包括调试、测试和版本控制。1.9章节"The admin"详细说明了Django内置的管理界面，它允许开发者快速地管理应用的数据。 1.10章节"Security"强调了Django的安全特性，如防止XSS、CSRF等攻击。1.11章节"Internationalization and localization"涵盖了多语言支持，让应用可以适应不同的地区。1.12章节"Performance and optimization"提供了提高Django应用性能的策略。1.13章节"Python compatibility"确认了Django对Python版本的支持情况。 1.14章节"Geographic framework"介绍了Django的地理信息功能，如地理坐标和地图服务。1.15章节"Common Web application tools"提到了Django与其他Web开发工具的集成。1.16章节"Other core functionalities"涵盖了一些核心但可能不那么常见的特性。1.17章节"The Django open-source project"则介绍了Django项目本身，包括其社区、贡献和开发流程。文档的2.x章节是"Getting started"部分，从7.1章节"Django at a glance"开始，提供了一个快速概览。2.2章节"Quick install guide"指导用户安装Django。接下来，2.3到2.10章节构成了一步步的教程，逐步教读者如何编写第一个Django应用，涵盖了从创建项目到实现用户认证等多个方面。最后，2.11章节"Whattoread next"给出了进一步学习Django的建议，帮助用户继续深入研究这个强大的Web框架。

Django Documentation, Release 1.9.8.dev20160630130038

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf. A table of contents for your app, it contains

a simple mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from

Python code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

mysite/news/urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),

url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URLs, as simple regular expressions, to the location of Python callback functions (“views”).

The regular expressions use parenthesis to “capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs

through each pattern, in order, and stops at the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches,

Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is blazingly fast, because the regular expressions are compiled at load

time.

Once one of the regexes matches, Django imports and calls the given view, which is a simple Python function. Each

view gets passed a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the regex.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function

news.views.article_detail(request, ’2005’, ’05’, ’39323’).

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 1.9.8.dev20160630130038

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst

directory, it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

mysite/templates/base.html

{% load staticfiles %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This makes a site redesign as easy as changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 1.9.8.dev20160630130038

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different mobile versions of sites – simply by creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that makes creating RSS and Atom feeds as easy as writing a small Python class.

• More sexy automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next obvious steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your

interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all

the possibilities; this guide will guide you to a simple, minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the

introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/download/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

Django on Jython

If you use Jython (a Python implementation for the Java platform), you’ll need to follow a few additional steps. See

Running Django on Jython for details.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

Python 3.4.x

[GCC 4.x] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>>

2.2.2 Set up a database

This step is only necessary if you’d like to work with a “large” database engine like PostgreSQL, MySQL, or Oracle.

To install such a database, consult the database installation information.

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 1.9.8.dev20160630130038

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command:

$ python -c "import django; print(django.get_version())"

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 1.9 and Python 3.4 or later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you can refer to

the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this page, or update

Django to the newest version. If you are still using Python 2.7, you will need to adjust the code samples slightly, as

described in comments.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please post a message to django-users or drop by #django on

irc.freenode.net to chat with other Django users who might be able to help.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

__init__.py

settings.py

urls.py

wsgi.py

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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