C# 5.0精华版：第五版

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"Csharp.5.0.in.a.Nutshell - 英文第五版，作者：Joseph Albahari和Ben Albahari" 《C# 5.0 in a Nutshell》是C#编程语言的一本经典参考书，由Joseph Albahari和Ben Albahari共同撰写，针对的是C# 5.0版本。这本书详细介绍了C# 5.0中的各种特性和技术，旨在帮助读者快速理解和掌握这个强大的面向对象编程语言。C# 5.0在之前的版本基础上进行了一些重要的更新和增强，其中最显著的变化之一是引入了异步编程模型，这是通过新增的`async`和`await`关键字实现的，使得编写高性能、非阻塞的I/O密集型代码变得更加简单。书中详细涵盖了以下知识点： 1. **基础语法**：包括变量、数据类型、控制流（如条件语句、循环、异常处理）、函数、类、接口和继承等核心概念。 2. **LINQ（Language Integrated Query）**：C# 5.0对LINQ进行了进一步优化，提供了一种内置于语言的查询表达式，使得在代码中处理数据集合更加高效和简洁。 3. **异步编程**：`async`和`await`关键字的引入，允许开发者编写出流畅的异步代码，无需处理复杂的回调函数和线程管理。这一特性极大地改进了UI应用的响应性，因为它们可以在等待I/O操作完成时释放CPU资源。 4. **动态类型**：C# 5.0引入了动态类型`dynamic`，允许在运行时确定类型，为与非.NET框架（如Python或JavaScript库）交互提供了便利。 5. **委托和事件**：C# 5.0继续支持这些用于构建事件驱动和回调机制的关键特性，同时也改进了与Lambda表达式的集成。 6. **多线程和并发**：书中详细讲解了如何利用任务并行库（TPL）和异步编程来处理多线程和并发问题，以及`Task`类和`Parallel`类的使用。 7. **垃圾回收和内存管理**：C# 5.0中的垃圾回收机制保证了自动内存管理，书中会讨论其工作原理和最佳实践。 8. **泛型**：泛型是C#中的一种重要特性，允许创建类型参数化的类、接口和方法，提高了代码的复用性。 9. **属性、索引器和运算符重载**：这些高级语言特性有助于提高代码的清晰度和效率。 10. **单元测试和调试**：书中也会介绍如何使用MSTest、NUnit等工具进行单元测试，以及调试技巧。 11. **Web和云计算**：可能包括ASP.NET MVC框架、WCF服务以及如何在云环境中部署和管理C#应用程序。此外，这本书还包括了对.NET Framework的重要组件的介绍，如ADO.NET、XML和JSON处理、反射、序列化以及.NET的安全性和性能优化等内容。无论是初学者还是有经验的开发人员，都可以从中受益匪浅，迅速提升C# 5.0的编程技能。

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xiv | Preface

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Acknowledgments

Joseph Albahari

First, I want to thank my brother, Ben Albahari, for persuading me to take on C#

3.0 in a Nutshell, whose success has spawned two subsequent editions. Ben shares

my willingness to question conventional wisdom, and the tenacity to pull things

apart until it becomes clear how they really work.

It’s been an honor to have superb technical reviewers on the team. This edition owes

much to two legendary individuals at Microsoft: Eric Lippert (C# compiler team)

and Stephen Toub (Parallel Programming team). I can’t thank you enough for your

extensive and useful feedback—and for answering all my questions. I’m also

immensely grateful to C# MVP Nicholas Paldino, whose keen eye and ability to pick

up things that others miss, shaped this book and two previous editions.

This book was built on C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, whose technical reviewers I owe a

similar honor. Chris Burrows (C# compiler team) significantly polished the chapters

on concurrency, dynamic programming, and the C# language. From the CLR team,

I received invaluable input on security and memory management from Shawn

Preface | xv

languages such as C++ and Eiffel, C# does not support multiple inheritance of

classes).

Properties, methods, and events

In the pure object-oriented paradigm, all functions are methods (this is the case

in Smalltalk). In C#, methods are only one kind of function member, which also

includes properties and events (there are others, too). Properties are function

members that encapsulate a piece of an object’s state, such as a button’s color

or a label’s text. Events are function members that simplify acting on object

state changes.

Type Safety

C# is primarily a type-safe language, meaning that instances of types can interact

only through protocols they define, thereby ensuring each type’s internal consis-

tency. For instance, C# prevents you from interacting with a string type as though

it were an integer type.

More specifically, C# supports static typing, meaning that the language enforces

type safety at compile time. This is in addition to type safety being enforced at

runtime.

Static typing eliminates a large class of errors before a program is even run. It shifts

the burden away from runtime unit tests onto the compiler to verify that all the types

in a program fit together correctly. This makes large programs much easier to man-

age, more predictable, and more robust. Furthermore, static typing allows tools such

as IntelliSense in Visual Studio to help you write a program, since it knows for a

given variable what type it is, and hence what methods you can call on that variable.

C# also allows parts of your code to be dynamically typed via

the dynamic

keyword

(introduced in C# 4). However, C# re-

mains a predominantly statically typed language.

C# is also called a strongly typed language because its type rules (whether enforced

statically or at runtime) are very strict. For instance, you cannot call a function that’s

designed to accept an integer with a floating-point number, unless you first explic-

itly convert the floating-point number to an integer. This helps prevent mistakes.

Strong typing also plays a role in enabling C# code to run in a sandbox—an envi-

ronment where every aspect of security is controlled by the host. In a sandbox, it is

important that you cannot arbitrarily corrupt the state of an object by bypassing its

type rules.

Memory Management

C# relies on the runtime to perform automatic memory management. The Common

Language Runtime has a garbage collector that executes as part of your program,

reclaiming memory for objects that are no longer referenced. This frees programmers

2 | Chapter 1: Introducing C# and the .NET Framework

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C# 5.0精华版：第五版

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