RavenDB 4.0 深入解析：分布式文档数据库的核心特性

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"Inside RavenDB 4.0 是一本深入介绍Oren Eini创建的分布式非关系型文档数据库最新版本的书籍。这本书旨在提供全面了解RavenDB功能以及每个特性的设计思路。作者基于十多年的数据库工作经验，阐述了为什么RavenDB是一个全事务、高性能、NoSQL的数据库，并且尽可能减少用户的维护负担。本书将帮助读者掌握如何在系统中高效利用RavenDB。" 在《Inside RavenDB 4.0》中，作者Oren Eini首先介绍了这本书的背景和目标读者群体，他本人是RavenDB的CEO，具有丰富的数据库经验。书中的内容涵盖了从零开始接触RavenDB，如设置环境、创建第一个数据库、使用RavenDB Studio管理数据库、编写第一个RavenDB程序，以及理解客户端API等基础知识。书中还深入探讨了文档建模，这是RavenDB的一个关键概念。作者指出，RavenDB不仅超越了传统的关系型数据建模，还可以作为键值存储使用。书中详细讨论了在RavenDB中建模时需要考虑的因素，包括常见和高级建模场景，以及在文档建模时的一些额外注意事项。此外，还比较了ACID（原子性、一致性、隔离性、持久性）和BASE（基本可用、软状态、最终一致性）两种不同的数据一致性模型。对RavenDB客户端API的深入研究是本书的另一个重点，涵盖了写入和读取文档、缓存机制、变化API（用于监控数据库的变化）、查询时的数据投影，以及客户端上的横切关注点。文档修订功能也得到了详细阐述，这使得追踪和回滚文档的历史版本成为可能。同时，书中还讨论了RavenDB如何利用JSON这一数据格式。另外，批量处理和订阅机制也是RavenDB的强大特性之一，适用于处理大量数据的场景，比如实时处理批量数据流或实现持续集成。这部分内容会讲解如何通过订阅来实现高效的数据批处理。《Inside RavenDB 4.0》是一本全面介绍RavenDB 4.0的指南，不仅涵盖了技术细节，还揭示了设计决策背后的思考，对于想要深入了解和使用RavenDB的开发者来说，是一份宝贵的资源。

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document-basedmodeling;whatsortoffeaturesyouneedtobeawareof

when designing the domain model and how to deal with common

modelingscenarios;concurrencycontrolanddealingwithdatathatdoesn’t

alwaysmatchthedocumentmodel(binarydata,forexample).

Followingonthishighleveldiscussion,we’lldiveintotheclientAPIand

exploretheadvancedoptionsRavenDBoffers:fromlazyrequeststoreduce

networktraffic,performpartialdocumentupdatesandseehowcachingis

anintegralpartoftheclientAPI.

We’ll conclude the first part of the book with an overview of batch

processing in RavenDB and how you can use highly available, reliable

subscriptionstomanageallsortsofbackgroundtasksinyourapplication

inaquiteelegantfashion.

1.4.2.PARTII—DISTRIBUTEDRAVENDB

Focus:Architects

Thispartfocusesonthetheoryofbuildingrobustandhighperformance

systems using RavenDB. We’ll go directly to working with a cluster of

RavenDB nodes on commodity hardware, discuss data and work

distributionacrosstheclusterandlearnhowtobeststructuresystemsto

takeadvantageofwhatRavenDBbringstothetable.

We’llbeginbydissectingRavenDB’sdual-distributednature.RavenDBis

usingbothaconsensusprotocolandagossipprotocoltobuildtwolayers

of communication between the various nodes in the cluster. We’ll learn

whyweusethisdual-modeandhowitaddstremendouslytoRavenDB’s

robustnessinthepresenceoffailures.

After going over the theory, we’ll get practical: setting up RavenDB

clusters,exploredifferenttopologiesandstudyhowclientsinteractwitha

cluster of RavenDB nodes. We’ll cover distributed work, load balancing

andensuringhighavailabilityandzerodowntimeforyourapplications.

One key reason you’ll want to use a distributed system is to handle

bigger load. We’ll cover how you can grow your cluster and even run

RavenDB in a geo-distributed deployment with nodes all around the

world.RavenDBclustersaren’tjustcollectionsofmachines.Theyareself-

managingentities,sharing loadanddistributingtasksamongthevarious

nodes.We’lltalk about how clustersareself-monitoringand self-healing

andhowRavenDBtakesactivestepstoensurethesafetyofyourdataatall

times.

Modernsystemsarerarelycomposedofastand-aloneapplication.Soto

finish up this section, we’ll explore how RavenDB integrates with other

systems and databases. RavenDB was explicitly designed to make such

integrationeasier.We’llgooverhowtocreatedataflowthatautomatically

synchronizesdatatodifferentdestinations,betheyRavenDBinstancesor

evenrelationaldatabases.

1.4.3.PARTIII—QUERYINGANDINDEXING

Focus:Developersandarchitects

ThispartdiscussesRavenDBindexesdatatoallowforquickretrievalof

information, whether a single document or aggregated data spanning

years.We’llcoverallthedifferentindexingmethodsinRavenDBandhow

each of them can be used to implement the features you want in your

systems.

RavenDB has very rich querying and indexing support. We’ll start by

exploring the RavenDB Query Language (RQL) and the kind of queries

thatyoucanperform.We’lllookathowRavenDBprocessesandoptimizes

yourqueriestoanswerthemasfastaspossible.

Thenwe’llgettothereallyfunstuff.RavenDB’squeriescanansweralot

more than just where Status = 'Active'. We’ll look at full text queries,

queryingmultiplecollectionsatonceandfacetedsearch.We’lllookathow

RavenDB can find similar documents and suggest to the user different

queriestotryastheusertriestofindaparticularnuggetofinformation.

Spatialqueries(searchingbasedongeographicaldata)willbecoveredin

depth. We’ll alsocoverhow you can finddocumentsnot basedon their

own data, but on related documents’ data. Similar to, but simpler and

faster than JOIN from relational databases, the ability to efficiently find

documentsusingrelateddocumentscangreatlysimplifyandspeedupyour

queries. One of the strengths of RavenDB is that it is schema-less by

nature, and that doesn’t stop at data storage. RavenDB also has very

powerful capabilities forquerying over dynamic dataand user-generated

content.

MapReduceinRavenDBisaveryimportantfeature.ItallowsRavenDB

toperformlightning-fastaggregationqueriesoverpracticallyanydataset,

regardlessofsize.We’llexploreexactlyhowthisfeatureworks,thekindof

behaviors it enables andwhat youcan do with what areeffectively free

aggregationqueries.

Finally,we’llgooverthecareandfeedingofindexesinRavenDB:how

you can create, deploy, monitor and manage them yourself. We’ll talk

abouthowtheRavenDBqueryoptimizerinteractswithyourindexesand

howtomovethembetweenenvironments.

1.4.4.PARTIV—SECURITY

Focus:Operationsandarchitects

RavenDB is used to store business-critical data such as medical

informationandfinancial transactions. In thispart, we’ll goover allthe

steps that have been taken to ensure that your data is safe, the

communicationchannelsaresecureandonlyauthorizedusersareableto

accessyourdatabase.

We’llcoverhowtosetupRavenDBsecurely.RavenDB’ssecuritymodel

isbinaryinnature.EitheryourunRavenDBinanunsecuredmode(only

usefulfordevelopment)oryourunitinasecuredmode.Therearenohalf

measuresormultiplestepstotake.

Setting up RavenDB securely is easy—although making it easy was

certainlynoteasy—andoncesetup,RavenDBtakescareofallaspectsof

securing your data. Data in transit is encrypted, and clients and servers

mutually authenticate themselves. We’ll discuss how RavenDB handles

authenticationandauthorization,aswellashowyoucancontrolwhogets

tothedatabaseandwhattheycanaccess.

We’ll also cover securing your data at rest. RavenDB supports full

databaseencryption,ensuringthatnotevenasinglebyteofyourdatais

eversavedtodiskinplaintext.Instead,RavenDBwillencryptalldataand

indexesusing256-bitencryption.Yourdatawillbedecryptedontheflyas

neededandonlykeptinmemoryforthedurationofanactivetransaction.

We’ll also cover other aspects of running an encrypted database: how

you should manage encryption keys and how to back up and restore

encrypteddatabases.

1.4.5.PARTV—RUNNINGINPRODUCTION

Focus:Operations

This part deals with running and supporting a RavenDB cluster or

clustersinproduction,fromspinninganewcluster,todecommissioninga

downednode,totrackingdownperformanceproblems.We’lllearnallyou

need(plusabit more) in ordertounderstandhow RavenDB works and

howtocustomizeitsbehaviortofityourownenvironment.

We’llgooverthedetailsyou’llneedtosuccessfullydeploytoproduction,

like how to plan aheadfor theresources you’ll need to handle expected

load (and how to handle unexpected load) and the kind of deployment

topologiesyoucanchoosefromandtheirimplications.We’llalsogoover

thenetwork,firewallandoperatingsystemconfigurationsthatcanmake

orbreakaproductionenvironment.

Justgettingtoproductionisn’tgoodenough;wearealsogoingtocover

how you can stay in production and stay there healthily. We’ll discuss

monitoringandtroubleshooting,whatsortofdetailsyouneedtokeepan

eyeonandhowRavenDBsurfacespotentialissuesearlyon.We’lldiscover

howyoucandigintoRavenDBandseeexactlywhatisgoingoninsidethe

engine. We’ll go over the kinds of self-optimizations RavenDB routinely

appliesandhowyoucantakeadvantageofthem.

We’llcovercommonissues and how totroubleshoot them, diagnosing

andresolvingproblemswhilekeepingtheclusterupandfunctioning.We’ll

learnhowtoplanfordisasterrecoveryandactuallyapplytheplanif(and

when)disasterstrikes.

We’llspendawholechapterdiscussingbackupsandrestores.RavenDB

supportsseveraloptionsforbackingupyourdata:offsitehotspares,full

binarysnapshotsofyourdataandhighlycompressedbackupsmeantfor

longtermstorage.We’lldiscuss backupstrategiesandoptions,including

backingupdirectlytothecloud.Moreimportantly,we’llcoverhowyou

candefineandexecutearestorestrategy,acritical——thoughoften(sadly)

overlooked——partofyouroverallbackupstrategy.

Finally,wearegoingtoclosethisbookwithasetofoperationalrecipes.

Theseareready-madeanswerstospecificscenariosthatyoumightruninto

inproduction.Thesearemeanttoservebothasaseriesofstepsforyouto

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