190
Daniel M. Wegner
location infonnation held internally by the other, information that the other
uses to keep track of what the..ifldividual knows. The transactive memory
system, in short, is more than its indivi.Qual component systems.
If we ask a question of a person who is a well-integrated part o(.a
transactive memory network, this person often is able to answer (after
consultation with other network members, of course) with information well
beyond his or her own internal storage. Asking any member of a family a
question about the family's summer vacation, for example, can prompt the
retrieval of several members' accounts of the experience. The success ~
have in retrieving certain items depends on the degree to which the person
we begin with has location information about the items we label. Even if we
ask the person to retrieve an item with an obscure label, however, the person
may be able to help us enter the storage system. Asking Bud how much the
family paid for gasoline in Orlando, for instance, may lead him to quiz
Dad-who generally knows about car-related items. Or perhaps Bud
suspects that Father knows nothing and so instead asks Mom about the gas
prices. There are a variety of potential paths to the information, and it may
even be the case that no one knows, or everyone knows. Gai ning entry to the
group's stored knowledge is likely to be an efficient enterprise, however,
even when we begin with a fairly inexpert member. This person may not
have internal access to many items but is likely to have stored the main
locations of infonnation in the group.
The transactive quality of memory ,in a group is evident also in the
transactions that take place during encoding and retrieval. In transactive
encoding, people discuss incoming information, detennining where and in
what form it is to be stored in the group. Transactive encoding sometimes
takes the simple form of direct instruction for one group member to encode
information internally (e.g., "Lulu, remember this phone number"), but
more often involves complex negotiations regarding the common labels that
should be assigned to items (e.g., "What was that?"), the matter of
responsibilities for internal storage (e.g., "Isn't this your bailiwick?"), the
preferred locations of items (e.g., "I'll take care of that"), and the like. In this
process, the very nature of incoming information can be changed, translated
into a form that the group can store.
Transactive retrieval, in turn, requires determining the location of
information and sometimes entails the combination or interplay of items
coming from multiple locations. Transactive retrieval begins when the
person who holds an item internally is not the one who is asked to retrieve it
A client asks the boss for information, for instance, that the boss has no idea
about-but thinks the secretary may know. If the secretary can produce the
item and pass it along, transactive retrieval comes to a successful conclu-
sion. However, it mav be that the secretary t"ails to find the item internally,
perhaps finding inst~ad some other information related to thl: label. As it
turns out, perhaps the secretary recalls that the boss asked. for this
information at another time and reports this to thl: boss: "1 gave that to you
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