Information Processing Letters 112 (2012) 811–815
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Information Processing Letters
www.elsevier.com/locate/ipl
On multiple output bent functions
E. Pasalic
a,∗
, W.G. Zhang
b
a
University of Primorska, FAMNIT and IAM, Koper 6000, Slovenia
b
ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
article info abstract
Article history:
Received 25 April 2012
Received in revised form 26 June 2012
Accepted 2 July 2012
Available online 20 July 2012
Communicated by A. Tarlecki
Keywords:
Cryptography
Boolean functions
Bent functions
Multiple output
Monomial trace functions
In this article we investigate the possibilities of obtaining multiple output bent functions
from certain power polynomials over finite fields. So far multiple output bent functions
F
: GF(2)
n
→ GF(2)
m
(where n is even and m n/2), for any particular class of Boolean
bent functions, has been generated using a suitable collection of m Boolean bent functions
so that any nonzero linear combination of these functions is again bent. Here, we take a
different approach by deriving these functions directly from the known classes of so-called
monomial trace bent functions. We derive a sufficient condition for a bent Boolean function
of the form f
(x) = Tr
n
1
(λx
d
) so that the associated mapping F (x) = Tr
n
m
(λx
d
),whereF :
GF(2)
n
→ GF(2)
m
, is a multiple output bent function. We consider all the main cases of
monomial trace bent functions and specify the restrictions on
λ and m that yield multiple
output bent functions F
(x) = Tr
n
m
(λx
d
). Interestingly enough, in one particular case when
n
= 4r, d = (2
r
+ 1)
2
, a multiple bent function F (x ) = Tr
n
2r
(ax
d
) could not be obtained by
considering a collection of 2r Boolean bent functions of the form f
i
(x) = Tr
n
1
(λ
i
x
d
) for some
suitable coefficients
λ
i
∈ GF(2
n
).
© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Bent functions are extremal combinatorial objects with
several areas of application, such as coding theory, maxi-
mum length sequences, cryptography, the theory of differ-
ence sets to name a few. The term bent Boolean function
was introduced by Rothaus [16], where also two classes
of bent functions were considered. One of this classes is
defined by f
(x, y) = x · y for all (x, y) ∈ F
p
2
× F
p
2
, which
was later generalized by Maiorana–McFarland. Another pi-
oneering work on bent functions is due to Dillon [9], who
introduced and analyzed another important class of bent
functions called partial spread. In 1994, Carlet [4] gave two
new classes (
C and D) of bent functions. These combinato-
rial objects were later extensively studied in many articles,
see e.g. [5,2,10], and though there are numerous results on
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: enes.pasalic6@gmail.com (E. Pasalic),
w.g.zhang@qq.com (W.G. Zhang).
the classification of these functions the work has not been
completed yet.
Among other equivalent characterization of bent func-
tions, the one that is most often used is a characterization
of Bent functions as a class of Boolean functions having
so-called flat Walsh spectra. It means that for any bent
function over GF
(2)
n
, its Hamming distance to any affine
function in n variables is constant including the distance to
the all-zero function (or all-one function). The same char-
acterization of Boolean bent functions is easily generalized
by requesting that all nonzero linear combinations of the
component functions of F
: GF(2)
n
→ GF(2)
m
are also bent.
The construction of such multiple output bent functions have
been initially considered by Nyberg in [15]. It has been
shown in [15] that multiple output bent functions can
only exist for m
n/2, and can be constructed using some
known classes of bent functions, namely the Maiorana–
McFarland class and the Dillon’s partial spread class. The
same problem has also been treated in [17] and more re-
cently in [11]. What is common to all these approaches is
the underlying idea of specifying m bent Boolean functions
0020-0190/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2012.07.009