分布式系统：概念与设计(第5版)精要

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"分布式系统:概念与设计（第五版）" 本书《分布式系统：概念与设计（第五版）》由George Coulouris、Jean Dollimore、Tim Kindberg和Gordon Blair四位作者共同编著，旨在深入探讨分布式系统的原理与设计方法。作为原书的最新第五版，它反映了当前分布式系统领域的最新进展和技术趋势。分布式系统是多个独立计算机通过网络互相协作，共同完成任务的系统。这些系统具有高可用性、可扩展性和容错性等特性，使得它们在云计算、大数据处理、物联网(IoT)等领域有着广泛的应用。书中详细介绍了分布式系统的基本概念，包括进程通信、命名与寻址、并发控制、复制、容错、安全和性能优化等方面。 1. 进程通信：在分布式系统中，进程间的通信是关键。书中可能会涵盖各种通信模型，如客户-服务器模型、发布-订阅模型以及消息传递机制，包括RPC（远程过程调用）和消息队列。 2. 命名与寻址：书中会讨论如何在分布式环境中有效地定位和识别资源，这可能涉及DNS（域名系统）、URI（统一资源标识符）和寻址策略。 3. 并发控制：为了确保数据一致性，分布式系统需要处理多个同时进行的操作。这通常涉及到锁、事务、版本控制等并发控制技术。 4. 复制：为了提高可用性和性能，数据通常会在多个节点间复制。书中会讲述不同的复制策略，如主从复制、多主复制和一致性模型（如强一致性和最终一致性的实现）。 5. 容错：由于硬件故障和网络中断是常态，容错是分布式系统设计的核心部分。书中可能会介绍心跳检测、故障恢复、备份策略和拜占庭容错算法等。 6. 安全：在分布式环境中，保护数据安全和隐私至关重要。这可能涵盖认证、授权、加密和安全协议等内容。 7. 性能优化：分布式系统需要在延迟、吞吐量和资源利用率之间找到平衡。这包括负载均衡、缓存策略、并行计算和分布式调度等技术。 8. 实例分析：书中可能会使用现实世界中的案例，如Google的MapReduce、Amazon的DynamoDB或Apache Hadoop等，来解释理论知识的实际应用。此外，书籍的更新版通常会包含对最新技术的讨论，如微服务架构、容器技术（如Docker和Kubernetes）、服务网格和服务发现等。《分布式系统：概念与设计（第五版）》是一本深入浅出的教材，适合计算机科学的学生、研究人员和专业开发人员阅读，帮助他们理解和构建高效、可靠的分布式系统。

XIV PREFACE

only on the Web. They can be looked up in the reference list at the end of the book, but

the full URLs are given only in an online version of the reference list at the book’s web

site, www.cdk5.net/refs

where they take the form of clickable links. Both versions of the

reference list include a more detailed explanation of this scheme.

Changes relative to the fourth edition

Before embarking on the writing of this new edition, we carried out a survey of teachers

who used the fourth edition. From the results, we identified the new material required

and a number of changes to be made. In addition, we recognized the increasing diversity

of distributed systems, particularly in terms of the range of architectural approaches

available to distributed systems developers today. This required significant changes to

the book, especially in the earlier (foundational) chapters.

Overall, this led to our writing three entirely new chapters, making substantial

changes to a number of other chapters and making numerous insertions throughout the

book to fold in new material. Many of the chapters have been changed to reflect new

information that has become available about the systems described. These changes are

summarized in the table below. To help teachers who have used the fourth edition,

wherever possible we have preserved the structure adopted from the previous edition.

Where material has been removed, we have placed this on our companion web site

together with material removed from previous editions. This includes the case studies

on ATM, interprocess communication in UNIX, CORBA (a shortened version of which

remains in Chapter 8), the Jini distributed events specification and Grid middleware

(featuring OGSA and the Globus toolkit), as well as the chapter on distributed shared

memory (a brief summary of which is now included in Chapter 6).

Some of the chapters in the book, such as the new chapter on indirect

communication (Chapter 6), cover a lot of material. Teachers may elect to cover the

broad spectrum before choosing two or three techniques to examine in more detail (for

example, group communication, given its foundational role, and publish-subscribe or

message queues, given their prevalence in commercial distributed systems).

The chapter ordering has been changed to accommodate the new material and to

reflect changes in the relative importance of certain topics. For a full understanding of

some topics readers may find it necessary to follow a forward reference. For example,

there is material in Chapter 9 on XML security techniques that will make better sense

once the sections that it references in Chapter 11 Security have been absorbed.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the following teachers who participated in our survey: Guohong

Cao, Jose Fortes, Bahram Khalili, George Blank, Jinsong Ouyang, JoAnne Holliday,

George K. Thiruvathukal, Joel Wein, Tao Xie and Xiaobo Zhou.

We would like to thank the following people who reviewed the new chapters or

provided other substantial help: Rob Allen, Roberto Baldoni, John Bates, Tom Berson,

Lynne Blair, Geoff Coulson, Paul Grace, Andrew Herbert, David Hutchison, Laurent

Mathy, Rajiv Ramdhany, Richard Sharp, Jean-Bernard Stefani, Rip Sohan, Francois

XVI PREFACE

Taiani, Peter Triantafillou, Gareth Tyson and the late Sir Maurice Wilkes. We would

also like to thank the staff at Google who provided insights into the design rationale for

Google Infrastructure, namely: Mike Burrows, Tushar Chandra, Walfredo Cirne, Jeff

Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Andrea Kirmse and John Reumann.

Our copy editor, Rachel Head also provided outstanding support.

Web site

As before, we continue to maintain a web site with a wide range of material designed to

assist teachers and readers. This web site can be accessed via the URL:

www.cdk5.net

The web site includes:

Instructor’s Guide: We provide supporting material for teachers comprising:

• complete artwork of the book available as PowerPoint files;

• chapter-by-chapter teaching hints;

• solutions to the exercises, protected by a password available only to teachers.

Reference list: The list of references that can be found at the end of the book is replicated

at the web site. The web version of the reference list includes active links for material

that is available online.

Errata list: A list of known errors in the book is maintained, with corrections. The errors

will be corrected when new impressions are printed and a separate errata list will be

provided for each impression. (Readers are encouraged to report any apparent errors

they encounter to the email address below.)

Supplementary material: We maintain a set of supplementary material for each chapter.

This consists of source code for the programs in the book and relevant reading material

that was present in previous editions of the book but was removed for reasons of space.

References to this supplementary material appear in the book with links such as

www.cdk5.net/ipc

(the URL for supplementary material relating to the Interprocess

Communication chapter). Two entire chapters from the 4th edition are not present in this

one; they can be accessed at the URLs:

CORBA Case Study www.cdk5.net/corba

Distributed Shared Memory www.cdk5.net/dsm

George Coulouris

Jean Dollimore

Tim Kindberg

Gordon Blair

London, Bristol and Lancaster, 2011

authors@cdk5.net

2 CHAPTER 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

1.1 Introduction

Networks of computers are everywhere. The Internet is one, as are the many networks

of which it is composed. Mobile phone networks, corporate networks, factory networks,

campus networks, home networks, in-car networks – all of these, both separately and in

combination, share the essential characteristics that make them relevant subjects for

study under the heading distributed systems. In this book we aim to explain the

characteristics of networked computers that impact system designers and implementors

and to present the main concepts and techniques that have been developed to help in the

tasks of designing and implementing systems that are based on them.

We define a distributed system as one in which hardware or software components

located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by

passing messages. This simple definition covers the entire range of systems in which

networked computers can usefully be deployed.

Computers that are connected by a network may be spatially separated by any

distance. They may be on separate continents, in the same building or in the same room.

Our definition of distributed systems has the following significant consequences:

Concurrency: In a network of computers, concurrent program execution is the norm.

I can do my work on my computer while you do your work on yours, sharing

resources such as web pages or files when necessary. The capacity of the system to

handle shared resources can be increased by adding more resources (for example.

computers) to the network. We will describe ways in which this extra capacity can be

usefully deployed at many points in this book. The coordination of concurrently

executing programs that share resources is also an important and recurring topic.

No global clock: When programs need to cooperate they coordinate their actions by

exchanging messages. Close coordination often depends on a shared idea of the time

at which the programs’ actions occur. But it turns out that there are limits to the

accuracy with which the computers in a network can synchronize their clocks – there

is no single global notion of the correct time. This is a direct consequence of the fact

that the only communication is by sending messages through a network. Examples of

these timing problems and solutions to them will be described in Chapter 14.

Independent failures: All computer systems can fail, and it is the responsibility of

system designers to plan for the consequences of possible failures. Distributed systems

can fail in new ways. Faults in the network result in the isolation of the computers that

are connected to it, but that doesn’t mean that they stop running. In fact, the programs

on them may not be able to detect whether the network has failed or has become

unusually slow. Similarly, the failure of a computer, or the unexpected termination of

a program somewhere in the system (a crash), is not immediately made known to the

other components with which it communicates. Each component of the system can fail

independently, leaving the others still running. The consequences of this characteristic

of distributed systems will be a recurring theme throughout the book.

The prime motivation for constructing and using distributed systems stems from a desire

to share resources. The term ‘resource’ is a rather abstract one, but it best characterizes

the range of things that can usefully be shared in a networked computer system. It

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