HPC入门指南：打造高性能计算新手篇

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"《HPC for Dummies: Sun and AMD Special Edition》是一本专为初学者设计的入门级教程，由Douglas Eadline博士编撰，深入浅出地介绍了高性能计算（HPC）的基础知识。HPC是针对需要高效处理大量数据、进行复杂计算或执行并行任务的领域，例如科学建模、金融分析和大规模数据分析等。在本书中，作者指导读者如何挑选适合的硬件和软件。这包括了解处理器、内存、存储系统、网络架构以及图形处理器等关键组件的重要性，因为它们直接决定了HPC系统的性能。同时，选择一个可靠的供应商也至关重要，因为厂商的技术支持和产品优化能显著影响系统的效能。书中还强调了对团队的培训，确保他们能够快速上手HPC技术。这包括理解并掌握高效的编程语言（如Fortran、C++或Python）、并行计算框架（如OpenMP、MPI或CUDA），以及如何优化算法以利用多核处理器和分布式环境。学习目标是使读者能够在日常工作中轻松应用HPC，提升工作效率。特别版还涵盖了Sun和AMD这两个主要硬件供应商的特色技术和解决方案，以适应不同应用场景的需求。版权方面，该书受1976年美国版权法保护，未经Wiley Publishing, Inc.的书面许可，不得任何形式复制、存储或传输，用户应通过官方渠道申请权限。《HPC for Dummies: Sun and AMD Special Edition》是一本实用的指南，旨在帮助读者跨越HPC技术的门槛，无论你是科研人员、工程师还是希望提升业务效率的企业决策者，都能从中找到适合自己的学习路径和实践方法。"

Chapter 1

HPC: It’s Not Just

for Rocket Scientists

Any More

In This Chapter

▶ Looking at the forms of HPC

▶ Examining who uses HPC today

▶ Explaining who ought to be using it

ention the word supercomputer to someone and they

automatically think of monstrously complicated

machines solving problems no one really understands. Maybe

they think of flashing lights and some super intelligence that can

beat humans at chess or figure out the meaning of life, the uni-

verse, and everything. (It’s “42” for those who are interested.)

Back in the day, this was not an altogether untrue view of

supercomputing. With an entry fee of at least seven figures,

supercomputing was for the serious scientists and engineers

who needed to crunch numbers as fast as possible.

Today we have a different world. The custom supercomputer of

yesteryear has given way to commodity-based supercomputing,

or what is now called High Performance Computing (HPC). In

today’s HPC world, it is not uncommon for the supercomputer to

use the same hardware found in Web servers and even desktop

workstations. The HPC world is now open to almost everyone

because the cost of entry is at an all-time low.

High Performance Computing For Dummies

To many organizations, HPC is now considered an essential

part of business success. Your competition may be using HPC

right now. They won’t talk much about it because it’s considered

a competitive advantage. Of one thing you can be sure, however;

they’re designing new products, optimizing manufacturing and

delivery processes, solving production problems, mining data,

and simulating everything from business process to shipping

crates all in an effort to become more competitive, profitable,

and “green.” HPC may very well be the new secret weapon.

The Forms of HPC

Ask ten people what HPC is and you will get ten different answers.

Applying compute cycles to a problem can be done in many

ways. Currently, there seem to be four modes in which you

can obtain the cycles needed for typical HPC problems:

✓ The commodity HPC cluster: Over the last ten years, the

HPC cluster has disrupted the entire supercomputing

market. Built from standard off-the-shelf servers and high

speed interconnects, a typical HPC system can deliver

industry-leading, cost-effective performance. A typical

cluster can employ hundreds, thousands, and even tens

HPC mud flaps

HPC can show up in the most unex-

pected places — like under a truck.

Large trucks spend a lot of time

moving. Pushing against the air

while driving takes energy (in this

case gasoline) and energy costs

money. Almost all trucks have some

kind of mud flaps to prevent road dirt

and debris from hitting the truck. A

midsized truck maker wondered how

much it cost to push those mud flaps

through the air. Using HPC, they were

able to determine that trimming and

tapering the flaps can cut about $400

from a typical truck’s annual gas bill.

Although it might not sound like much

for a single truck, when you have a

fleet of 1,000 trucks, those savings

add up very quickly. The company

has now moved far beyond mud flaps

and is using HPC to help increase the

efficiency of their truck designs, thus

saving even more money.

Chapter 1: HPC: It’s Not Just for Rocket Scientists Any More

of thousands of servers all working together on a single

problem (this is the high tech equivalent of a “divide and

conquer” approach to solving large problems). Because

of high performance and low cost, the commodity cluster

is by far the most popular form of HPC computing. Also

keep in mind the compatibility advantage — x86 com-

modity servers are ubiquitous.

✓ Dedicated supercomputer: In the past, the dedicated

supercomputer was the only way to throw a large number

of compute cycles at a problem. Supercomputers are still

produced today and often use specialized non-commodity

components. Depending on your needs, the supercomputer

may be the best solution although it doesn’t offer the

commodity price advantage.

The Top500

No, the Top500 isn’t a car race. It is

a list of the world’s fastest comput-

ers. Of course, some background is

needed. To get on the Top500 list,

you must run a single benchmark

program on your HPC system and

submit it to the Top500 organization.

The list is created twice a year and

includes some rather large systems.

Not all Top500 systems are clusters,

but many of them are built from the

same technology. Of course, as with

all lists, there are some limitations.

First, the list is for a single benchmark

(HPL or High Performance Linpack).

Results for other benchmarks may

shuffle the standings, but systems

are likely to remain in roughly the

same place in the list if other bench-

marks are used. Second, the list only

includes those systems that were

submitted for consideration. There

may be HPC systems out there that

are proprietary or not interested in

the Top500 ranking.

Yet despite these limitations, the

Top500 list is the wealth of historical

data. The list was started in 1993 and

has data on vendors, organizations,

processors, memory, and so on for

each entry in the list. You can view

the list (past and present) by going to

http://top500.org/.

AMD and Sun Microsystems have

many accomplishments on the

Top500 list. On the most recent ver-

sion of the list, seven of the top ten

systems on the list use AMD technol-

ogy. The Texas Advanced Computing

Center is home to the sixth fast-

est system in the world (based on

the current list) called Ranger. See

Chapter 2 for more on this system.

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