Oracle 11g Release 2 实战指南：Real Application Clusters解析

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"Oracle Database 2Day + Real Application Clusters Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2) 是一份详细的文档，旨在帮助读者快速理解和掌握Oracle的Real Application Clusters (RAC)技术。该指南由Janet Stern为主编，多位贡献者共同完成，发布于2010年10月。它涵盖了RAC的基础知识，是学习和应用RAC的理想资源。" Oracle的Real Application Clusters（RAC）是一种企业级的数据存储解决方案，它允许数据库在多台服务器上进行分布式处理，从而提供高可用性和可扩展性。RAC的核心概念是集群，即一组相互连接的独立服务器，它们共享同一个物理数据库，协同工作以提供连续的服务，即使其中某个节点出现故障，系统也能保持运行。在《Oracle Database 2Day + Real Application Clusters Guide》中，你可能会学到以下关键知识点： 1. **RAC基础**：了解RAC的基本架构，包括节点、实例、集群磁盘、全局区（Global Area）、共享内存结构等组件，以及它们如何协同工作来提供集群功能。 2. **安装与配置**：学习如何规划和配置RAC环境，包括网络设置、存储配置、软件安装以及集群的初始化参数。 3. **高可用性**：理解RAC如何通过故障检测、自动故障切换和资源管理确保数据库服务的连续性。这包括Grid Infrastructure、Clusterware和Automatic Storage Management (ASM)的角色。 4. **性能优化**：探索如何通过负载均衡、数据块缓存和并行执行来提高RAC环境中的数据库性能。 5. **故障排查与维护**：学习如何诊断和解决RAC中可能出现的问题，以及日常的维护任务，如监控、备份和恢复策略。 6. **安全性**：理解在RAC环境中实施的安全措施，包括身份验证、授权和加密，以保护数据安全。 7. **应用开发**：了解如何设计和开发能够在RAC环境中高效运行的应用程序，包括使用透明应用故障转移（TAF）和其他相关的API。 8. **最佳实践**：获取关于部署、管理和操作RAC的最佳实践建议，以确保系统的稳定性和效率。通过这份指南，初学者和有经验的DBA都能深入理解Oracle RAC的工作原理，并具备实施和管理RAC环境的能力。它不仅提供了理论知识，还包含了许多实际操作步骤和示例，对于快速掌握RAC技术具有很高的价值。

About Oracle Automatic Storage Management

1-4 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

About Oracle Automatic Storage Management

Oracle ASM is an integrated, high-performance volume manager and file system. With

Oracle Database 11g Release 2, Oracle ASM adds support for storing the Oracle

Clusterware OCR and voting disk files, also a general purpose cluster file system

called Oracle Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System (Oracle ACFS).

Oracle ASM is based on the principle that the database should manage storage instead

of requiring an administrator to do it. Oracle ASM eliminates the need for you to

directly manage potentially thousands of Oracle database files.

Oracle ASM groups the disks in your storage system into one or more disk groups.

You manage a small set of disk groups and Oracle ASM automates the placement of

the database files within those disk groups. Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) and voting

disks can also be placed on Oracle ASM diskgroups. When using Oracle Real

Application Clusters (Oracle RAC), each instance must have access to the data files

and recovery files for the Oracle RAC database. Using Oracle Automatic Storage

Management (Oracle ASM) is an easy way to satisfy this requirement.

In Figure 1–1, the normal redundancy disk group stored in Oracle ASM contains three

failure groups (shown as three disks) to store the voting disk and OCR files for Oracle

Clusterware. Because the voting disk records which nodes are currently members of

the cluster, there must be at least three voting disks for a two-node cluster. If the Oracle

ASM disk group did not contain the voting disk and OCR files, then you could have a

normal redundancy disk group with only two failure groups.

Figure 1–1 Oracle Clusterware Files Stored in an Oracle ASM Disk Group

Oracle ASM provides the following benefits:

■ Striping—Oracle ASM spreads data evenly across all disks in a disk group to

optimize performance and utilization. This even distribution of database files

eliminates the need for regular monitoring and I/O performance tuning.

■ Mirroring—Oracle ASM increases data availability by optionally mirroring any

file. Oracle ASM mirrors at the file level, unlike operating system mirroring, which

mirrors at the disk level. Mirroring means keeping redundant copies, or mirrored

copies, of each extent of the file, to help avoid data loss caused by disk failures.

The mirrored copy of each file extent is always kept on a different disk from the

original copy. If a disk fails, then Oracle ASM continues to access affected files by

accessing mirrored copies on the surviving disks in the disk group.

■ Online storage reconfiguration and dynamic rebalancing—When using Oracle

ASM, you can add or remove disks from your disk storage system while the

database is operating. When you add a disk to a disk group, Oracle ASM

About Oracle Automatic Storage Management

Introduction to Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide 1-5

automatically redistributes the data so that it is evenly spread across all disks in

the disk group, including the new disk. The process of redistributing data so that it

is also spread across the newly added disks is known as rebalancing. It is done in

the background and with minimal impact to database performance.

■ Managed file creation and deletion—Oracle ASM further reduces administration

tasks by enabling files stored in Oracle ASM disk groups to be managed by Oracle

Database. Oracle ASM automatically assigns file names when files are created, and

automatically deletes files when they are no longer needed by the database.

Oracle Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System (Oracle ACFS) is a new

multi-platform, scalable file system, and storage management technology that extends

Oracle ASM functionality to support customer files maintained outside of the Oracle

database. Files supported by Oracle ACFS include database and application

executables, trace files, alert logs, application reports, BFILEs, and configuration files.

Oracle ACFS leverages Oracle ASM functionality to provide dynamic file system

resizing, striping, and mirroring.

Oracle ASM is implemented as a special kind of Oracle instance, with its own System

Global Area and background processes. The Oracle ASM instance is tightly integrated

with Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Database. Every server running one or more

database instances that use Oracle ASM for storage has an Oracle ASM instance. In an

Oracle RAC environment, there is one Oracle ASM instance for each node, and the

Oracle ASM instances communicate with each other on a peer-to-peer basis. Only one

Oracle ASM instance is supported on a node, but you can have multiple database

instances that use Oracle ASM residing on the same node. Figure 1–2, "Oracle

Instances and Oracle ASM Storage" shows the storage configuration commonly used

for a 2-node Oracle RAC database.

Figure 1–2 Oracle Instances and Oracle ASM Storage

Oracle recommends that you use Oracle ASM for your Oracle Clusterware files and

Oracle RAC datafiles, instead of raw devices or the operating system file system.

Oracle databases can use both Oracle ASM files and non-Oracle ASM files. You can

About Oracle Real Application Clusters

1-6 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

also create a file system using Oracle ACFS to store your database Oracle Home and

any other external (non-database) files in the cluster.

About Oracle Real Application Clusters

Oracle RAC extends Oracle Database so that you can store, update, and efficiently

retrieve data using multiple database instances on different servers at the same time.

Oracle RAC provides the software that manages multiple servers and instances as a

single group. The data files that comprise the database must reside on shared storage

that is accessible from all servers that are part of the cluster. Each server in the cluster

runs the Oracle RAC software.

An Oracle Database database has a one-to-one relationship between data files and the

database instance. An Oracle RAC database, however, has a one-to-many relationship

between data files and database instances. In an Oracle RAC database, multiple

instances access a single set of database files.

Each database instance in an Oracle RAC database uses its own memory structures

and background processes. Oracle RAC uses Cache Fusion to synchronize the data

stored in the buffer cache of each database instance. Cache Fusion moves current data

blocks (which reside in memory) between database instances, rather than having one

database instance write the data blocks to disk and requiring another database

instance to reread the data blocks from disk. When a data block located in the buffer

cache of one instance is required by another instance, Cache Fusion transfers the data

block directly between the instances using the interconnect, enabling the Oracle RAC

database to access and modify data as if the data resided in a single buffer cache.

Oracle RAC is also a key component for implementing the enterprise grid computing

architecture using Oracle software. Having multiple database instances accessing a

single set of data files prevents the server from being a single point of failure. If a node

in the cluster fails, then the Oracle database continues running on the remaining

nodes. Individual nodes can be shutdown for maintenance while application users

continue to work.

Oracle RAC supports mainstream business applications, such as OLTP, DSS, and also

popular packaged products such as SAP, PeopleSoft, Siebel, and Oracle E*Business

Suite, as well as custom applications. Any packaged or custom application that scales

on an Oracle database scales well on Oracle RAC without requiring changes to the

application code.

You will learn more about the operation of the Oracle RAC database in a cluster, how

to build the cluster, and the structure of an Oracle RAC database in other sections of

this guide.

See Also:

■ "About Oracle Clusterware" on page 5-1 for information about the

Oracle Clusterware files

■ Oracle Database 2 Day DBA

■ Oracle Automatic Storage Management Administrator's Guide

See Also:

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

■ Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide

Tools for Installing, Configuring, and Managing Oracle RAC

Introduction to Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide 1-7

About Oracle RAC One Node

Oracle RAC One Node databases are Oracle RAC databases that run in a cluster but

usually run only one database instance. Only when Oracle Clusterware detects a

database instance failure, or during planned online database relocation operations, is a

second database instance started so that the sessions can be migrated to a new node.

After the migration, the original database instance is shut down. This functionality is

available starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2)

If you run your applications on Oracle RAC One Node, and your applications grow to

the point that a single node cannot supply the resources they need, then Oracle RAC

One Node can be upgraded online to Oracle Real Application Clusters. If the node

running your Oracle RAC One Node database becomes overloaded, then you can

migrate the database instance to another node in the cluster using online database

relocation with no downtime for application users

About Installing Oracle RAC on Different Operating Systems

If you plan to install and configure Oracle RAC on an operating system other than

Oracle Linux, then you can still use this guide to obtain a general understanding about

how to deploy Oracle RAC. You can also use this guide for deploying Oracle RAC on

clusters with more than two nodes. For all environments that do not match the

environment that this guide describes, modify the examples accordingly.

When installing Oracle RAC on a different platform or different operating system

version than Oracle Linux or Red Hat Enterprise Linux, refer to the installation and

configuration guides for that platform. For example, if you are installing Oracle RAC

on the Solaris operating system, then you would use the following guides:

■ Oracle Grid Infrastructure Installation Guide for Solaris Operating System

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide for Solaris Operating System

Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC do not support heterogeneous platforms in the

same cluster. For example, you cannot have one node in the cluster running Oracle

Linux and another node in the same cluster running Solaris UNIX. All nodes must run

the same operating system; that is, they must be binary compatible. Oracle RAC does

not support machines having different chip architectures in the same cluster. However,

you can have machines of different speeds and sizes in the same cluster.

Tools for Installing, Configuring, and Managing Oracle RAC

This section describes the tools used for installing, configuring, and managing Oracle

Clusterware, Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM), and Oracle Real

Application Clusters (Oracle RAC).

■ Oracle Universal Installer (OUI)—OUI installs the Oracle Grid Infrastructure for a

cluster software (which consists of Oracle Clusterware and Oracle ASM) and the

Oracle Database software with Oracle RAC. After you configure the nodes to use

See Also:

■ "About Oracle Real Application Clusters"

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

See Also:

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

Tools for Installing, Configuring, and Managing Oracle RAC

1-8 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

in your cluster, OUI installs the Oracle software on the specified nodes using a

network connection.

■ Cluster Verification Utility (CVU)— CVU is a command-line tool that you can use

to verify a range of cluster and Oracle RAC components such as shared storage

devices, networking configurations, system requirements, and Oracle Clusterware,

also operating system groups and users. You can use CVU for preinstallation and

postinstallation checks of your cluster environment. CVU is especially useful

during preinstallation and during installation of Oracle Clusterware and Oracle

RAC components. OUI runs CVU after the Oracle Clusterware installation to

verify your environment.

■ Oracle Enterprise Manager—Oracle Enterprise Manager has both the Database

Control and Grid Control graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for managing single-

instance and Oracle RAC environments.

■ SQL*Plus—To issue SQL and PL/SQL statements to Oracle Database, you can use

SQL*Plus. This tool provides a command-line interface that enables you to

perform database management operations for a database, and also to query, insert,

update, or delete data directly in the database.

■ Server Control (SRVCTL)—SRVCTL is a command-line interface that you can use

to manage the resources defined in the Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR). These

resources include the node applications, called nodeapps, that comprise Oracle

Clusterware, which includes the Oracle Notification Service (ONS), the Global

Services Daemon (GSD), and the Virtual IP (VIP). Other resources that can be

managed by SRVCTL include databases, instances, listeners, services, and

applications. Using SRVCTL you can start and stop nodeapps, databases,

instances, listeners, and services, delete or move instances and services, add

services, and manage configuration information.

■ Cluster Ready Services Control (CRSCTL)—CRSCTL is a command-line tool that

you can use to manage Oracle Clusterware daemons. These daemons include

Cluster Synchronization Services (CSS), Cluster-Ready Services (CRS), and Event

Manager (EVM). You can use CRSCTL to start and stop Oracle Clusterware and to

determine the current status of your Oracle Clusterware installation.

■ Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA)—DBCA is a utility that is used to create

and configure Oracle Databases. DBCA can be launched by OUI, depending upon

the type of install that you select. You can also launch DBCA as a standalone tool

at any time after Oracle Database installation. You can run DBCA in interactive

mode or noninteractive/silent mode. Interactive mode provides a graphical

interface and guided workflow for creating and configuring a database. DBCA is

the preferred way to create a database, because it is a more automated approach,

and your database is ready to use when DBCA completes.

■ Oracle Automatic Storage Management Configuration Assistant

(ASMCA)—ASMCA is a utility that supports installing and configuring Oracle

ASM instances, disk groups, volumes, and Oracle Automatic Storage Management

Cluster File System (Oracle ACFS). ASMCA provides both a GUI and a non-GUI

interface.

■ Oracle Automatic Storage Management Command Line utility

(ASMCMD)—ASMCMD is a command-line utility that you can use to manage

Oracle ASM instances, Oracle ASM disk groups, file access control for disk groups,

files and directories within Oracle ASM disk groups, templates for disk groups,

and Oracle ASM volumes.

■ Listener Control (LSNRCTL)—The Listener Control utility is a command-line

interface that you use to administer listeners.You can use its commands to perform

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