Linux基础入门：历史、发展与核心内容详解

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Linux Essentials 是由 LinupFront GmbH 提供的一套入门级 Linux 教程和认证项目，旨在帮助学习者理解和掌握 Linux 操作系统的基本概念与操作。该教程并不意味着得到了 Linux Professional Institute (LPI) 的官方检查或背书，LPI 并未推荐特定的考试准备方法或材料。LPI 提供了更多信息可通过其官方网站 <http://www.lpi.org/> 获取。 Linux Essentials 第五十四次修订于 2012 年 5 月 11 日完成，包含了章节的多个更新，如管理员部分 (adm1)，图形界面部分 (grd1)，以及其他章节如安装、系统管理、网络配置等。教材由 Tobias Elsner、Thomas Erker 和 Anselm Lingnau 联合创作，Anselm Lingnau 还担任了技术编辑的角色。本书以 Palatino、Optima 和 DejaVu Sans Mono 字体排版，强调了 LinupFront GmbH 在 2001 年以来的专业培训，他们专注于 Linux 及开源软件领域，提供高质量的培训课程和教练服务，确保学员能够获得全面且实用的知识。在 Linux Essentials 中，学习者将覆盖到 Linux 的历史和发展，包括它如何从早期的 Unix 发展而来，以及 Linus Torvalds 对 Linux 的贡献。此外，还将深入理解核心概念，如文件系统管理、进程和线程、内存管理、用户和权限控制、命令行工具、 shell脚本、网络配置、以及基本的安全措施。这些内容不仅适合初学者入门，也为想要进一步提升 Linux 技能的用户提供了一个坚实的基础。通过参加 Linux Essentials 训练，学员将掌握如何在 Linux 环境中进行日常操作，包括安装和配置操作系统、维护系统稳定性、理解和使用系统日志，以及与其他开源软件的集成。此外，对于那些希望获得 LPI 认证的学员，这将是准备 LPI 基础证书考试（如 LPI Linux Essentials）的重要学习资料。 Linux Essentials 是一个全面且实用的教程，帮助读者建立起对 Linux 操作系统的扎实基础，无论是为了个人兴趣还是职业生涯发展，都是一个值得投入的学习资源。

1 Computers, Software and

Operating Systems

Goals

• Obtaining basic computer hardware knowledge

• Being aware of diﬀerent operating systems and assessing their

commonalities and diﬀerences

Prerequisites

• Basic computing knowledge is useful

In the early 1950s, computers were highly specialised devices that

one would – exactly as Aiken stipulated – expect to see mostly within

research institutions. Science-ﬁction ﬁlms of the time display the halls,

replete with rows of cupboards containing mysterious spinning reels.

Within the space of not quite 70 years, this image has changed dramati-

cally

“There is no reason for anyone to have a computer in their

home.” Ken Olsen, 1977

Ken Olsen was the CEO of another computer manufacturer, Digital

Equipment Corporation (DEC), which spearheaded the development

of “small” computers in the 1970s

– where “small” at the time was

understood as meaning something like “does not need a machine hall

with air conditioning and its own power plant and costs less than a mil-

lion dollars”; advances in hardware technology allowed this to change,

towards the end of the 1970s, to something like “can be bodily lifted by

two people”.

DEC is important to the Linux community because Unix – the

operating system that insprired Linus Torvalds to start Linux

some twenty years later – was ﬁrst developed on DEC PDP-8 and

PDP-11 computers.

The 1970s also saw the advent of the ﬁrst “home computers”. These

cannot be compared with today’s PCs – one had to solder them together

on one’s own (which would be physically impossible today), and they

rarely featured a reasonable keyboard and seldom if ever a decent dis-

play. They were for the most part a tinkerer’s pastime, much like an

electric train set, because in all honesty they weren’t really useful for

The classic “quote” in this context is usually ascribed to Thomas J. Watson, the CEO if

IBM, who is thought to have said, in 1943, something along the lines of “There is a world

market for about ﬁve computers”. Unfortunately this has never been veriﬁed. And if he

did actually claim this in 1943, he would have been right at least for the next ten years or

so.

DEC was acquired by Compaq in 1998, and Compaq by Hewlett-Packard in 2002.

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