Tkinter 8.5 GUI 指南：Python图形用户界面开发

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"Tkinter 8.5参考指南：Python图形用户界面GUI" Tkinter是Python标准库中的一个模块，用于创建跨平台的图形用户界面（GUI）。由John W. Shipman编写的《Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python》详细介绍了这个库以及其ttk主题小部件的使用方法。本书首先介绍了Tkinter作为Python 3的一个GUI构建器，允许开发者在多种操作系统上创建界面。一个最小化的应用程序示例展示了如何快速启动一个GUI应用。在定义部分，书中解释了GUI的基本元素和概念。布局管理是Tkinter中至关重要的部分，它包括`.grid()`方法，该方法允许将小部件以网格形式排列。此外，还有其他管理方法，如行和列的配置，以及如何使根窗口可调整大小。这些方法帮助开发者灵活地组织窗口内的元素。标准属性部分详细列出了Tkinter小部件的各种属性，如尺寸、坐标系统、颜色、字体、定位、边框样式、位图、光标、图像、几何字符串、窗口名、帽状和接头风格、虚线模式以及匹配的斑点图案。理解并掌握这些属性能帮助开发者自定义和美化GUI。异常处理章节讲解了在Tkinter应用中处理错误和异常的方法，这对于编写健壮的代码至关重要。接下来，书中分别深入探讨了Button和Canvas两个关键的Tkinter小部件。 Button小部件用于创建用户可以点击的交互元素，常用于执行特定操作或触发事件。Canvas小部件则提供了一个绘图区域，开发者可以在其中绘制图形，如线条、矩形、文本等，并且有其特有的坐标系统和显示列表功能，允许动态更新和复杂图形的创建。《Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python》是Python GUI开发者的宝贵资源，它详细阐述了Tkinter库的各个方面，从基本组件到高级特性，对于想要在Python环境中创建美观、功能丰富的图形用户界面的开发者来说，是一本不可或缺的参考书籍。

For example, a window created with geometry='120x50-0+20' would be 120 pixels wide by 50

pixels high, and its top right corner will be along the right edge of the desktop and 20 pixels below the

top edge.

5.11. Window names

The term window describes a rectangular area on the desktop.

•

A top-level or root window is a window that has an independent existence under the window manager.

It is decorated with the window manager's decorations, and can be moved and resized independently.

Your application can use any number of top-level windows.

• The term “window” also applies to any widget that is part of a top-level window.

Tkinter names all these windows using a hierarchical window path name.

•

The root window's name is '.'.

•

Child windows have names of the form '.n', where n is some integer in string form. For example,

a window named '.135932060' is a child of the root window ('.').

•

Child windows within child windows have names of the form 'p.n' where p is the name of the

parent window and n is some integer. For example, a window named '.135932060.137304468'

has parent window '.135932060', so it is a grandchild of the root window.

•

The relative name of a window is the part past the last '.' in the path name. To continue the previous

example, the grandchild window has a relative name '137304468'.

To get the path name for a widget w, use str(w).

See also Section 26, “Universal widget methods” (p. 97) for methods you can use to operate on window

names, especially the .winfo_name, .winfo_parent, and .winfo_pathname methods.

5.12. Cap and join styles

For pleasant and eective rendering of diagrams, sometimes it is a good idea to pay attention to cap

and join styles.

•

The cap style of a line is the shape of the end of the line. Styles are:

•

tk.BUTT: The end of the line is cut o square at a line that passes through the endpoint.

•

tk.PROJECTING: The end of the line is cut o square, but the cut line projects past the endpoint

a distance equal to half the line's width.

•

tk.ROUND: The end describes a semicircle centered on the endpoint.

•

The join style describes the shape where two line segments meet at an angle.

•

tk.ROUND: The join is a circle centered on the point where the adjacent line segments meet.

•

tk.BEVEL: A at facet is drawn at an angle intermediate between the angles of the adjacent lines.

•

tk.MITER: The edges of the adjacent line segments are continued to meet at a sharp point.

This illustration shows how Tkinter's cap and join options work with a line made of two connected line

segments. Small red circles show the location of the points that dene this line.

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference16

Here is an example. The left-hand screen shot shows two adjacent 100×100 squares stippled with the

“gray12” pattern, but the right-hand square is oset vertically by one pixel. The short black line in the

center of the gure is drawn along the boundary of the two gures.

The second screen shot is the same, except that the two 100×100 squares have their stipple patterns lined

up.

In practice, this arises in two situations. The alignment of large stippled areas is controlled by an option

named offset. For gures with stippled outlines, the outlineoffset option controls their alignment.

Both options have values of one of these forms:

•

'x,y': Oset the stipple patterns by this x and y value relative to the top-level window or to the

canvas's origin.

•

'#x,y': For objects on a canvas, use oset x and y relative to the top-level window.

•

tk.NE, tk.SE, tk.SW, tk.NW: Align a corner of the stipple pattern with the corresponding corner

of the containing object. For example, tk.NE means that the top left corner of the stipple pattern co-

incides with the top left corner of the area to be stippled.

•

tk.N, tk.E, tk.S, tk.W: Align the stipple pattern with the center of one side of the containing object.

For example, tk.E means the center of the stipple pattern will coincide with the center of the right

side of the area to be stippled.

•

tk.CENTER: Align the center of the stipple pattern with the center of the containing object.

6. Exception handling

The exception raised by most programming errors is tk.TclError.

7. The Button widget

To create a pushbutton in a top-level window or frame named parent:

w = tk.Button(parent, option=value, ...)

The constructor returns the new Button widget. Its options include:

Table 5. Button widget options

Background color when the button is under the cursor.

activebackground

Foreground color when the button is under the cursor.

activeforeground

Where the text is positioned on the button. See Section 5.5, “An-

chors” (p. 12). For example, anchor=tk.NE would position the text at the

top right corner of the button.

anchor

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference18

Width of the border around the outside of the button; see Section 5.1, “Di-

mensions” (p. 9). The default is two pixels.

bd or borderwidth

Normal background color.

bg or background

Name of one of the standard bitmaps to display on the button (instead of

text).

bitmap

Function or method to be called when the button is clicked.

command

Selects the cursor to be shown when the mouse is over the button.

cursor

tk.NORMAL is the default; use tk.DISABLED if the button is to be initially

disabled (grayed out, unresponsive to mouse clicks).

default

Foreground color used when the button is disabled.

disabledforeground

Normal foreground (text) color.

fg or foreground

Text font to be used for the button's label.

font

Height of the button in text lines (for textual buttons) or pixels (for images).

height

Color of the focus highlight when the widget does not have focus.

highlightbackground

The color of the focus highlight when the widget has focus.

highlightcolor

Thickness of the focus highlight.

highlightthickness

Image to be displayed on the button (instead of text).

image

How to show multiple text lines: tk.LEFT to left-justify each line;

tk.CENTER to center them; or tk.RIGHT to right-justify.

justify

The relief style to be used while the mouse is on the button; default relief

is tk.RAISED. See Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12).

overrelief

Additional padding left and right of the text. See Section 5.1, “Dimen-

sions” (p. 9) for the possible values for padding.

padx

Additional padding above and below the text.

pady

Species the relief type for the button (see Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12)).

The default relief is tk.RAISED.

relief

See repeatinterval, below.repeatdelay

Normally, a button res only once when the user releases the mouse button.

If you want the button to re at regular intervals as long as the mouse button

repeatinterval

is held down, set this option to a number of milliseconds to be used between

repeats, and set the repeatdelay to the number of milliseconds to wait

before starting to repeat. For example, if you specify “repeatdelay=500,

repeatinterval=100” the button will re after half a second, and every

tenth of a second thereafter, until the user releases the mouse button. If the

user does not hold the mouse button down at least repeatdelay milli-

seconds, the button will re normally.

Set this option to tk.DISABLED to gray out the button and make it unre-

sponsive. Has the value tk.ACTIVE when the mouse is over it. Default is

tk.NORMAL.

state

Normally, keyboard focus does visit buttons (see Section 53, “Focus: routing

keyboard input” (p. 155)), and a space character acts as the same as a mouse

takefocus

click, “pushing” the button. You can set the takefocus option to zero to

prevent focus from visiting the button.

19Tkinter 8.5 referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

Text displayed on the button. Use internal newlines to display multiple text

lines.

text

An instance of StringVar() that is associated with the text on this button.

If the variable is changed, the new value will be displayed on the button.

See Section 52, “Control variables: the values behind the widgets” (p. 153).

textvariable

Default is -1, meaning that no character of the text on the button will be

underlined. If nonnegative, the corresponding text character will be under-

underline

lined. For example, underline=1 would underline the second character

of the button's text.

Width of the button in letters (if displaying text) or pixels (if displaying an

image).

width

If this value is set to a positive number, the text lines will be wrapped to t

within this length. For possible values, see Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

wraplength

Methods on Button objects:

.flash()

Causes the button to ash several times between active and normal colors. Leaves the button in the

state it was in originally. Ignored if the button is disabled.

.invoke()

Calls the button's command callback, and returns what that function returns. Has no eect if the

button is disabled or there is no callback.

8. The Canvas widget

A canvas is a rectangular area intended for drawing pictures or other complex layouts. On it you can

place graphics, text, widgets, or frames. See the following sections for methods that create objects on

canvases:

•

.create_arc(): A slice out of an ellipse. See Section 8.7, “Canvas arc objects” (p. 28).

•

.create_bitmap(): An image as a bitmap. See Section 8.8, “Canvas bitmap objects” (p. 29).

•

.create_image(): A graphic image. See Section 8.9, “Canvas image objects” (p. 30).

•

.create_line(): One or more line segments. See Section 8.10, “Canvas line objects” (p. 30).

•

.create_oval(): An ellipse; use this also for drawing circles, which are a special case of an ellipse.

See Section 8.11, “Canvas oval objects” (p. 32).

•

.create_polygon(): A polygon. See Section 8.12, “Canvas polygon objects” (p. 33).

•

.create_rectangle(): A rectangle. See Section 8.13, “Canvas rectangle objects” (p. 35).

•

.create_text(): Text annotation. See Section 8.14, “Canvas text objects” (p. 37).

•

.create_window(): A rectangular window. See Section 8.15, “Canvas window objects” (p. 38).

To create a Canvas object:

w = tk.Canvas(parent, option=value, ...)

The constructor returns the new Canvas widget. Supported options include:

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference20

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