Tkinter 8.4指南：Python图形用户界面详解

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"Tkinter 8.4 reference: a GUI for Python" 这篇文档详细介绍了Tkinter，这是一个在Python编程语言中构建图形用户界面（GUI）的库。Tkinter是Python的标准GUI库，允许开发者创建丰富的交互式应用。文档的发布日期为2010年10月3日，虽然为英文版，但仍然对学习和参考Tkinter具有价值。 1. **什么是Tkinter?** Tkinter是Python与Tk GUI工具包的接口，提供了一系列的控件（widgets），如按钮、文本框、标签等，用于创建桌面应用程序。它内置于大多数Python发行版中，无需额外安装，使得入门非常便捷。 2. **一个最小的应用程序** 创建一个基本的Tkinter应用通常包括创建窗口，添加控件，以及定义事件处理函数。文档中的例子可能会展示如何创建一个简单的窗口，并在其上放置一个按钮或标签。 3. **布局管理** Tkinter提供了两种主要的布局管理方式：`grid()` 和 `pack()`. `grid()` 方法在网格系统中定位和调整控件大小，而`pack()`方法则根据父组件的空间自动填充和排列控件。 4. **.grid() 方法** `.grid()` 方法用于将控件放入行和列中，可以配置每个单元格的大小、间距、对齐方式等属性，实现灵活的界面布局。 5. **标准属性** 文档详细列举了Tkinter控件的众多属性，如尺寸、坐标系统、颜色、字体、定位方式（anchors）、边框样式（relief styles）、位图、光标、图像、几何字符串、窗口名、帽线和接合风格、虚线模式以及匹配的点图案。这些属性允许开发者自定义控件的外观和行为。 6. **Button widget** 按钮控件是GUI中最常见的元素之一，用于执行特定操作或触发事件。可以通过设置其文本、图像、命令等属性来定制按钮的功能和外观。 7. **Canvas widget** Canvas是一个可画布，允许开发者在窗口上绘制任意图形、文本和图像。它有自己的坐标系统，维护一个显示列表，并支持对象ID、标签等特性，便于进行图形操作和动画效果。 8. **Canvas坐标和对象管理** Canvas坐标系统允许开发者指定图形的位置，而Canvas对象ID和标签则用于跟踪和操作绘制的图形。这使得Canvas成为一个强大的绘图和动态展示数据的工具。《Tkinter 8.4 reference》是学习和理解Tkinter控件、布局和属性的重要资源，对于想要在Python中开发GUI应用的开发者来说非常有用。虽然文档可能不是最新的，但它提供的基础知识仍然是构建Tkinter应用的基础。

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The join style describes the shape where two line segments meet at an angle.

•

ROUND: The join is a circle centered on the point where the adjacent line segments meet.

•

BEVEL: A flat facet is drawn at an angle intermediate between the angles of the adjacent lines.

•

MITER: The edges of the adjacent line segments are continued to meet at a sharp point.

This illustration shows Tkinter's cap and join options. Small red squares indicate the nominal endpoints

of the two connected line segments.

5.13. Dash patterns

A number of widgets allow you to specify a dashed outline. The dash and dashoffset options give

you fine control over the exact pattern of the dashes.

dash

This option is specified as a tuple of integers. The first integer specifies how many pixels should be

drawn. The second integer specifies how many pixels should be skipped before starting to draw

again, and so on. When all the integers in the tuple are exhausted, they are reused in the same order

until the border is complete.

For example, dash=(3,5) produces alternating 3-pixel dashes separated by 5-pixel gaps. A value

of dash=(7,1,1,1) produces a dash-and-dot pattern, with the dash seven times as long as the

dot or the gaps around the dot. A value of dash=(5,) produces alternating five-pixel dashes and

five-pixel gaps.

dashoff

To start the dash pattern in a different point of cycle instead of at the beginning, use an option of

dashoff=n, where n is the number of pixels to skip at the beginning of the pattern.

For example, for options dash=(5, 1, 2, 1) and dashoff=3, the first pattern produced will

be: 2 on, 1 off, 2 on, and 1 off. Subsequent patterns will be 5 on, 1 off, 2 on, and 1 off. Here is a screen

shot of a line drawn with this combination of options:

5.14. Matching stipple patterns

This may seem like an incredibly picky style point, but if you draw a graphic that has two objects with

stippled patterns, a real professional will make sure that the patterns align along their boundary.

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Here is an example. The left-hand screen shot shows two adjacent 100×100 squares stippled with the

“gray12” pattern, but the right-hand square is offset vertically by one pixel. The short black line in the

center of the figure is drawn along the boundary of the two figures.

The second screen shot is the same, except that the two 100×100 squares have their stipple patterns lined

up.

In practice, this arises in two situations. The alignment of large stippled areas is controlled by an option

named offset. For figures with stippled outlines, the outlineoffset option controls their alignment.

Both options have values of one of these forms:

•

"x,y": Offset the stipple patterns by this x and y value relative to the top-level window or to the

canvas's origin.

•

"#x,y": For objects on a canvas, use offset x and y relative to the top-level window.

•

"ne", "se", "sw", "nw": Align a corner of the stipple pattern with the corresponding corner of the

containing object. For example, "ne" means that the top left corner of the stipple pattern coincides

with the top left corner of the area to be stippled.

•

"n", "e", "s", "w": Align the stipple pattern with the center of one side of the containing object. For

example, "e" means the center of the stipple pattern will coincide with the center of the right side of

the area to be stippled.

•

"center": Align the center of the stipple pattern with the center of the containing object.

6.The Button widget

To create a pushbutton in a top-level window or frame named parent:

w = Button ( parent, option=value, ... )

The constructor returns the new Button widget. Its options include:

Background color when the button is under the cursor.

activebackground

Foreground color when the button is under the cursor.

activeforeground

Where the text is positioned on the button. See Section 5.5, “Anchors” (p. 11).

For example, anchor=NE would position the text at the top right corner of

the button.

anchor

Width of the border around the outside of the button; see Section 5.1, “Di-

mensions” (p. 9). The default is two pixels.

bd or borderwidth

Normal background color.

bg or background

Name of one of the standard bitmaps to display on the button (instead of

text).

bitmap

Function or method to be called when the button is clicked.

command

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Selects the cursor to be shown when the mouse is over the button.

cursor

NORMAL is the default; use DISABLED if the button is to be initially disabled

(grayed out, unresponsive to mouse clicks).

default

Foreground color used when the button is disabled.

disabledforeground

Normal foreground (text) color.

fg or foreground

Text font to be used for the button's label.

font

Height of the button in text lines (for textual buttons) or pixels (for images).

height

Color of the focus highlight when the widget does not have focus.

highlightbackground

The color of the focus highlight when the widget has focus.

highlightcolor

Thickness of the focus highlight.

highlightthickness

Image to be displayed on the button (instead of text).

image

How to show multiple text lines: LEFT to left-justify each line; CENTER to

center them; or RIGHT to right-justify.

justify

The relief style to be used while the mouse is on the button; default relief is

RAISED. See Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12).

overrelief

Additional padding left and right of the text. See Section 5.1, “Dimen-

sions” (p. 9) for the possible values for padding.

padx

Additional padding above and below the text.

pady

Specifies the relief type for the button (see Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12)).

The default relief is RAISED.

relief

See repeatinterval, below.repeatdelay

Normally, a button fires only once when the user releases the mouse button.

If you want the button to fire at regular intervals as long as the mouse button

repeatinterval

is held down, set this option to a number of milliseconds to be used between

repeats, and set the repeatdelay to the number of milliseconds to wait

before starting to repeat. For example, if you specify “repeatdelay=500,

repeatinterval=100” the button will fire after half a second, and every

tenth of a second thereafter, until the user releases the mouse button. If the

user does not hold the mouse button down at least repeatdelay milli-

seconds, the button will fire normally.

Set this option to DISABLED to gray out the button and make it unresponsive.

Has the value ACTIVE when the mouse is over it. Default is NORMAL.

state

Normally, keyboard focus does visit buttons (see Section 29, “Focus: routing

keyboard input” (p. 106)), and a space character acts as the same as a mouse

takefocus

click, “pushing” the button. You can set the takefocus option to zero to

prevent focus from visiting the button.

Text displayed on the button. Use internal newlines to display multiple text

lines.

text

An instance of StringVar() that is associated with the text on this button.

If the variable is changed, the new value will be displayed on the button.

See Section 28, “Control variables: the values behind the widgets” (p. 104).

textvariable

Default is -1, meaning that no character of the text on the button will be

underlined. If nonnegative, the corresponding text character will be under-

underline

lined. For example, underline=1 would underline the second character of

the button's text.

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Width of the button in letters (if displaying text) or pixels (if displaying an

image).

width

If this value is set to a positive number, the text lines will be wrapped to fit

within this length. For possible values, see Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

wraplength

Methods on Button objects:

.flash()

Causes the button to flash several times between active and normal colors. Leaves the button in the

state it was in originally. Ignored if the button is disabled.

.invoke()

Calls the button's callback, and returns what that function returns. Has no effect if the button is

disabled or there is no callback.

7.The Canvas widget

A canvas is a rectangular area intended for drawing pictures or other complex layouts. On it you can

place graphics, text, widgets, or frames. See the following sections for methods that create objects on

canvases:

•

.create_arc(): A slice out of an ellipse. See Section 7.7, “Canvas arc objects” (p. 26).

•

.create_bitmap(): An image as a bitmap. See Section 7.8, “Canvas bitmap objects” (p. 28).

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.create_image(): A graphic image. See Section 7.9, “Canvas image objects” (p. 29).

•

.create_line(): One or more line segments. See Section 7.10, “Canvas line objects” (p. 29).

•

.create_oval(): An ellipse; use this also for drawing circles, which are a special case of an ellipse.

See Section 7.11, “Canvas oval objects” (p. 31).

•

.create_polygon(): A polygon. See Section 7.12, “Canvas polygon objects” (p. 32).

•

.create_rectangle(): A rectangle. See Section 7.13, “Canvas rectangle objects” (p. 34).

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.create_text(): Text annotation. See Section 7.14, “Canvas text objects” (p. 35).

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.create_window(): A rectangular window. See Section 7.15, “Canvas window objects” (p. 36).

To create a Canvas object:

w = Canvas ( parent, option=value, ... )

The constructor returns the new Canvas widget. Supported options include:

Width of the border around the outside of the canvas; see Section 5.1, “Di-

mensions” (p. 9). The default is two pixels.

bd or borderwidth

Background color of the canvas. Default is a light gray, about "#E4E4E4".bg or background

A float that specifies how close the mouse must be to an item to be con-

sidered inside it. Default is 1.0.

closeenough

If true (the default), the canvas cannot be scrolled outside of the

scrollregion (see below).

confine

Cursor used in the canvas. See Section 5.8, “Cursors” (p. 12).

cursor

Size of the canvas in the Y dimension. See Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

height

19Tkinter referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

Color of the focus highlight when the widget does not have focus. See Sec-

tion 29, “Focus: routing keyboard input” (p. 106).

highlightbackground

Color shown in the focus highlight.

highlightcolor

Thickness of the focus highlight. The default value is 1.

highlightthickness

The relief style of the canvas. Default is FLAT. See Section 5.6, “Relief

styles” (p. 12).

relief

A tuple (w, n, e, s) that defines over how large an area the canvas can

be scrolled, where w is the left side, n the top, e the right side, and s the

bottom.

scrollregion

The background color to use displaying selected items.

selectbackground

The width of the border to use around selected items.

selectborderwidth

The foreground color to use displaying selected items.

selectforeground

Normally, focus (see Section 29, “Focus: routing keyboard input” (p. 106))

will cycle through this widget with the tab key only if there are keyboard

takefocus

bindings set for it (see Section 30, “Events” (p. 107) for an overview of key-

board bindings). If you set this option to 1, focus will always visit this widget.

Set it to "" to get the default behavior.

Size of the canvas in the X dimension. See Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

width

Normally, canvases can be scrolled horizontally to any position. You can

get this behavior by setting xscrollincrement to zero. If you set this

xscrollincrement

option to some positive dimension, the canvas can be positioned only on

multiples of that distance, and the value will be used for scrolling by scrolling

units, such as when the user clicks on the arrows at the ends of a scrollbar.

For more information on scrolling units, see Section 21, “The Scrollbar

widget” (p. 70).

If the canvas is scrollable, this attribute should be the .set() method of

the horizontal scrollbar.

xscrollcommand

Works like xscrollincrement, but governs vertical movement.yscrollincrement

If the canvas is scrollable, this attribute should be the .set() method of

the vertical scrollbar.

yscrollcommand

7.1. Canvas coordinates

Because the canvas may be larger than the window, and equipped with scrollbars to move the overall

canvas around in the window, there are two coordinate systems for each canvas:

•

The window coordinates of a point are relative to the top left corner of the area on the display where

the canvas appears.

•

The canvas coordinates of a point are relative to the top left corner of the total canvas.

7.2.The Canvas display list

The display list refers to the sequence of all the objects on the canvas, from background (the “bottom”

of the display list) to foreground (the “top”).

If two objects overlap, the one above the other in the display list means the one closer to the foreground,

which will appear in the area of overlap and obscure the one below. By default, new objects are always

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