Tkinter 8.4指南：Python图形用户界面开发

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"Tkinter 8.4 Reference 是一本关于如何在Python编程语言中构建图形用户界面（GUI）的指南，作者是John W. Shipman。这本书以Web和PDF两种形式提供，供读者参考，并鼓励反馈至tcc-doc@nmt.edu。书中详细介绍了Tkinter的控件集合，包括布局管理、标准属性以及特定的控件如Button和Canvas等。" Tkinter是Python的默认GUI库，允许程序员创建功能丰富的交互式图形界面。它与Tcl/Tk库紧密集成，提供了多种窗口小部件（widgets），如按钮、文本框、标签等，用于构建桌面应用程序。 1. **什么是Tkinter？** Tkinter是Python的标准GUI库，它是Python绑定到Tcl/Tk的一种方式。这个库为开发者提供了一种简单易用的方式来创建图形用户界面，使得开发者无需深入学习底层图形系统就能快速开发出具有图形界面的应用程序。 2. **一个最小的应用程序** 创建一个简单的Tkinter应用通常涉及到创建根窗口，然后在窗口上添加控件。描述中的"最小应用程序"可能涵盖如何初始化Tkinter，创建窗口，以及添加基本的交互元素。 3. **定义** 这部分可能详细解释了Tkinter中的一些基础概念，如控件、事件处理、回调函数等。 4. **布局管理** Tkinter提供了几种布局管理方法，包括`.grid()`，它用于将控件放置在网格中；还有`.pack()`，用于按顺序填充空间。`.grid()`方法的使用，配置列和行的大小，以及如何使根窗口可调整大小，都在这部分进行了说明。 5. **标准属性** 控件有许多可配置的属性，如尺寸、坐标系统、颜色、字体、锚点、边框样式、位图、光标、图像、几何字符串、窗口名称、帽形和接合样式、虚线模式以及匹配的纹样图案。这些属性让开发者能够定制控件的外观和行为。 6. **Button widget** 按钮控件是GUI中常见的一种，用于响应用户的点击事件，通常会触发一个回调函数。这部分可能会讲述如何创建、配置按钮以及处理按钮事件。 7. **Canvas widget** Canvas控件是Tkinter的一个强大组件，可以用来绘制图形、文本、线条等。Canvas坐标系统、显示列表、对象ID、标签等功能让开发者能够实现复杂的图形操作。 - **Canvas坐标系统**：描述了Canvas上的坐标是如何工作的。 - **Canvas显示列表**：Canvas可以存储其图形对象，便于重绘和更新。 - **Canvas对象ID**：每个在Canvas上创建的对象都有一个唯一的ID。 - **Canvastags**：可以使用标签来选择和操作多个Canvas对象。这本书对于任何想要使用Python构建GUI应用的人来说都是一份宝贵的资源，它详细地阐述了Tkinter的基础和高级特性，帮助开发者快速上手并创建出美观、功能齐全的应用。

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The join style describes the shape where two line segments meet at an angle.

•

ROUND: The join is a circle centered on the point where the adjacent line segments meet.

•

BEVEL: A flat facet is drawn at an angle intermediate between the angles of the adjacent lines.

•

MITER: The edges of the adjacent line segments are continued to meet at a sharp point.

This illustration shows Tkinter's cap and join options. Small red squares indicate the nominal endpoints

of the two connected line segments.

5.13. Dash patterns

A number of widgets allow you to specify a dashed outline. The dash and dashoffset options give

you fine control over the exact pattern of the dashes.

dash

This option is specified as a tuple of integers. The first integer specifies how many pixels should be

drawn. The second integer specifies how many pixels should be skipped before starting to draw

again, and so on. When all the integers in the tuple are exhausted, they are reused in the same order

until the border is complete.

For example, dash=(3,5) produces alternating 3-pixel dashes separated by 5-pixel gaps. A value

of dash=(7,1,1,1) produces a dash-and-dot pattern, with the dash seven times as long as the

dot or the gaps around the dot. A value of dash=(5,) produces alternating five-pixel dashes and

five-pixel gaps.

dashoff

To start the dash pattern in a different point of cycle instead of at the beginning, use an option of

dashoff=n, where n is the number of pixels to skip at the beginning of the pattern.

For example, for options dash=(5, 1, 2, 1) and dashoff=3, the first pattern produced will

be: 2 on, 1 off, 2 on, and 1 off. Subsequent patterns will be 5 on, 1 off, 2 on, and 1 off. Here is a screen

shot of a line drawn with this combination of options:

5.14. Matching stipple patterns

This may seem like an incredibly picky style point, but if you draw a graphic that has two objects with

stippled patterns, a real professional will make sure that the patterns align along their boundary.

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Here is an example. The left-hand screen shot shows two adjacent 100×100 squares stippled with the

“gray12” pattern, but the right-hand square is offset vertically by one pixel. The short black line in the

center of the figure is drawn along the boundary of the two figures.

The second screen shot is the same, except that the two 100×100 squares have their stipple patterns lined

up.

In practice, this arises in two situations. The alignment of large stippled areas is controlled by an option

named offset. For figures with stippled outlines, the outlineoffset option controls their alignment.

Both options have values of one of these forms:

•

"x,y": Offset the stipple patterns by this x and y value relative to the top-level window or to the

canvas's origin.

•

"#x,y": For objects on a canvas, use offset x and y relative to the top-level window.

•

"ne", "se", "sw", "nw": Align a corner of the stipple pattern with the corresponding corner of the

containing object. For example, "ne" means that the top left corner of the stipple pattern coincides

with the top left corner of the area to be stippled.

•

"n", "e", "s", "w": Align the stipple pattern with the center of one side of the containing object. For

example, "e" means the center of the stipple pattern will coincide with the center of the right side of

the area to be stippled.

•

"center": Align the center of the stipple pattern with the center of the containing object.

6.The Button widget

To create a pushbutton in a top-level window or frame named parent:

w = Button ( parent, option=value, ... )

The constructor returns the new Button widget. Its options include:

Background color when the button is under the cursor.

activebackground

Foreground color when the button is under the cursor.

activeforeground

Where the text is positioned on the button. See Section 5.5, “Anchors” (p. 11).

For example, anchor=NE would position the text at the top right corner of

the button.

anchor

Width of the border around the outside of the button; see Section 5.1, “Di-

mensions” (p. 9). The default is two pixels.

bd or borderwidth

Normal background color.

bg or background

Name of one of the standard bitmaps to display on the button (instead of

text).

bitmap

Function or method to be called when the button is clicked.

command

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Selects the cursor to be shown when the mouse is over the button.

cursor

NORMAL is the default; use DISABLED if the button is to be initially disabled

(grayed out, unresponsive to mouse clicks).

default

Foreground color used when the button is disabled.

disabledforeground

Normal foreground (text) color.

fg or foreground

Text font to be used for the button's label.

font

Height of the button in text lines (for textual buttons) or pixels (for images).

height

Color of the focus highlight when the widget does not have focus.

highlightbackground

The color of the focus highlight when the widget has focus.

highlightcolor

Thickness of the focus highlight.

highlightthickness

Image to be displayed on the button (instead of text).

image

How to show multiple text lines: LEFT to left-justify each line; CENTER to

center them; or RIGHT to right-justify.

justify

The relief style to be used while the mouse is on the button; default relief is

RAISED. See Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12).

overrelief

Additional padding left and right of the text. See Section 5.1, “Dimen-

sions” (p. 9) for the possible values for padding.

padx

Additional padding above and below the text.

pady

Specifies the relief type for the button (see Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12)).

The default relief is RAISED.

relief

See repeatinterval, below.repeatdelay

Normally, a button fires only once when the user releases the mouse button.

If you want the button to fire at regular intervals as long as the mouse button

repeatinterval

is held down, set this option to a number of milliseconds to be used between

repeats, and set the repeatdelay to the number of milliseconds to wait

before starting to repeat. For example, if you specify “repeatdelay=500,

repeatinterval=100” the button will fire after half a second, and every

tenth of a second thereafter, until the user releases the mouse button. If the

user does not hold the mouse button down at least repeatdelay milli-

seconds, the button will fire normally.

Set this option to DISABLED to gray out the button and make it unresponsive.

Has the value ACTIVE when the mouse is over it. Default is NORMAL.

state

Normally, keyboard focus does visit buttons (see Section 29, “Focus: routing

keyboard input” (p. 106)), and a space character acts as the same as a mouse

takefocus

click, “pushing” the button. You can set the takefocus option to zero to

prevent focus from visiting the button.

Text displayed on the button. Use internal newlines to display multiple text

lines.

text

An instance of StringVar() that is associated with the text on this button.

If the variable is changed, the new value will be displayed on the button.

See Section 28, “Control variables: the values behind the widgets” (p. 104).

textvariable

Default is -1, meaning that no character of the text on the button will be

underlined. If nonnegative, the corresponding text character will be under-

underline

lined. For example, underline=1 would underline the second character of

the button's text.

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Width of the button in letters (if displaying text) or pixels (if displaying an

image).

width

If this value is set to a positive number, the text lines will be wrapped to fit

within this length. For possible values, see Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

wraplength

Methods on Button objects:

.flash()

Causes the button to flash several times between active and normal colors. Leaves the button in the

state it was in originally. Ignored if the button is disabled.

.invoke()

Calls the button's callback, and returns what that function returns. Has no effect if the button is

disabled or there is no callback.

7.The Canvas widget

A canvas is a rectangular area intended for drawing pictures or other complex layouts. On it you can

place graphics, text, widgets, or frames. See the following sections for methods that create objects on

canvases:

•

.create_arc(): A slice out of an ellipse. See Section 7.7, “Canvas arc objects” (p. 26).

•

.create_bitmap(): An image as a bitmap. See Section 7.8, “Canvas bitmap objects” (p. 28).

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.create_image(): A graphic image. See Section 7.9, “Canvas image objects” (p. 29).

•

.create_line(): One or more line segments. See Section 7.10, “Canvas line objects” (p. 29).

•

.create_oval(): An ellipse; use this also for drawing circles, which are a special case of an ellipse.

See Section 7.11, “Canvas oval objects” (p. 31).

•

.create_polygon(): A polygon. See Section 7.12, “Canvas polygon objects” (p. 32).

•

.create_rectangle(): A rectangle. See Section 7.13, “Canvas rectangle objects” (p. 34).

•

.create_text(): Text annotation. See Section 7.14, “Canvas text objects” (p. 35).

•

.create_window(): A rectangular window. See Section 7.15, “Canvas window objects” (p. 36).

To create a Canvas object:

w = Canvas ( parent, option=value, ... )

The constructor returns the new Canvas widget. Supported options include:

Width of the border around the outside of the canvas; see Section 5.1, “Di-

mensions” (p. 9). The default is two pixels.

bd or borderwidth

Background color of the canvas. Default is a light gray, about "#E4E4E4".bg or background

A float that specifies how close the mouse must be to an item to be con-

sidered inside it. Default is 1.0.

closeenough

If true (the default), the canvas cannot be scrolled outside of the

scrollregion (see below).

confine

Cursor used in the canvas. See Section 5.8, “Cursors” (p. 12).

cursor

Size of the canvas in the Y dimension. See Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

height

19Tkinter referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

Color of the focus highlight when the widget does not have focus. See Sec-

tion 29, “Focus: routing keyboard input” (p. 106).

highlightbackground

Color shown in the focus highlight.

highlightcolor

Thickness of the focus highlight. The default value is 1.

highlightthickness

The relief style of the canvas. Default is FLAT. See Section 5.6, “Relief

styles” (p. 12).

relief

A tuple (w, n, e, s) that defines over how large an area the canvas can

be scrolled, where w is the left side, n the top, e the right side, and s the

bottom.

scrollregion

The background color to use displaying selected items.

selectbackground

The width of the border to use around selected items.

selectborderwidth

The foreground color to use displaying selected items.

selectforeground

Normally, focus (see Section 29, “Focus: routing keyboard input” (p. 106))

will cycle through this widget with the tab key only if there are keyboard

takefocus

bindings set for it (see Section 30, “Events” (p. 107) for an overview of key-

board bindings). If you set this option to 1, focus will always visit this widget.

Set it to "" to get the default behavior.

Size of the canvas in the X dimension. See Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

width

Normally, canvases can be scrolled horizontally to any position. You can

get this behavior by setting xscrollincrement to zero. If you set this

xscrollincrement

option to some positive dimension, the canvas can be positioned only on

multiples of that distance, and the value will be used for scrolling by scrolling

units, such as when the user clicks on the arrows at the ends of a scrollbar.

For more information on scrolling units, see Section 21, “The Scrollbar

widget” (p. 70).

If the canvas is scrollable, this attribute should be the .set() method of

the horizontal scrollbar.

xscrollcommand

Works like xscrollincrement, but governs vertical movement.yscrollincrement

If the canvas is scrollable, this attribute should be the .set() method of

the vertical scrollbar.

yscrollcommand

7.1. Canvas coordinates

Because the canvas may be larger than the window, and equipped with scrollbars to move the overall

canvas around in the window, there are two coordinate systems for each canvas:

•

The window coordinates of a point are relative to the top left corner of the area on the display where

the canvas appears.

•

The canvas coordinates of a point are relative to the top left corner of the total canvas.

7.2.The Canvas display list

The display list refers to the sequence of all the objects on the canvas, from background (the “bottom”

of the display list) to foreground (the “top”).

If two objects overlap, the one above the other in the display list means the one closer to the foreground,

which will appear in the area of overlap and obscure the one below. By default, new objects are always

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