DirectX 11入门：3D游戏编程指南

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"Introduction to 3D Game Programming with Directx_11" 本书“Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 11”是Frank D. Luna撰写的一本关于使用DirectX 11进行3D游戏编程的入门教程。DirectX 11是微软开发的一个应用程序接口（API），它为游戏开发者提供了在Windows操作系统上创建高性能3D图形和多媒体内容的强大工具集。 DirectX 11的主要知识点包括： 1. **Direct3D基础**：这是DirectX的核心组件，专为3D图形处理设计。学习者将了解到如何初始化Direct3D环境，创建设备，以及设置渲染目标和视口。 2. **顶点和索引缓冲区**：在3D图形中，顶点表示几何形状的点，而索引缓冲区用于优化绘制过程，通过索引引用顶点构建多边形。 3. **图形管线**：Direct3D使用一个称为图形管线的流程，它将数据从模型转换为屏幕上的像素。理解管线的工作原理对于优化性能至关重要，包括顶点着色器、几何着色器、像素着色器等阶段。 4. **纹理和材质**：3D物体的外观由纹理和材质定义。学习者会学习如何加载和应用纹理，以及如何使用不同的材质属性如颜色、反射、折射和透明度。 5. **深度缓冲与剔除**：深度缓冲用于解决重叠物体的正确绘制问题，而剔除技术则帮助减少不必要的计算，提高效率。 6. **光照和阴影**：为了创建逼真的3D环境，必须考虑光照和阴影。这涉及光照模型、光源类型（点光源、平行光等）以及阴影映射技术。 7. **多边形渲染**：包括正面剔除、背面剔除、多边形填充模式以及平滑着色等技术。 8. **效果系统和着色语言**： HLSL（High-Level Shader Language）是Direct3D中用于编写着色器的编程语言，学习者需要掌握如何使用HLSL编写顶点和像素着色器。 9. **动画和骨骼蒙皮**：用于创建角色和其他动态对象的运动。学习如何设置骨骼结构，以及如何将顶点权重分配给骨骼。 10. **DirectX资源管理**：了解如何有效地管理纹理、模型和缓冲等资源，以避免内存泄漏和提高性能。 11. **多线程编程**：在现代游戏开发中，利用多核处理器的并行计算能力是提升性能的关键。学习者将接触到如何使用DirectX进行多线程编程。此外，书中可能还会涵盖DirectX的其他组件，如DirectInput（用户输入）、DirectSound（音频处理）和DirectX Math（数学库）。通过这本书，读者将获得开发3D游戏所需的基础知识，并能够逐步构建自己的DirectX 11项目。同时，书中可能会提供实例代码和练习，帮助读者巩固所学概念。

Chapter 24 Quaternions
1 Review of the Complex Numbers
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Geometric Interpretation
1.3 Polar Representation and Rotations
2 Quaternion Algebra
2.1 Definition and Basic Operations
2.2 Special Products
2.3 Properties
2.4 Conversions
2.5 Conjugate and Norm
2.6 Inverses
2.7 Polar Representation
3 Unit Quaternions and Rotations
3.1 Rotation Operator
3.2 Quaternion Rotation Operator to Matrix
3.3 Matrix to Quaternion Rotation Operator
3.4 Composition
4 Quaternion Interpolation
5 XNA Math Quaternion Functions
6 Rotation Demo
7 Summary
8 Exercises
Chapter 25 Character Animation
1 Frame Hierarchies
1.1 Mathematical Formulation
2 Skinned Meshes
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Reformulating a Bones To-Root Transform
2.3 The Offset Transform
2.4 Animating the Skeleton
2.5 Calculating the Final Transform
3 Vertex Blending
4 Loading .m3d Animation Data
4.1 Skinned Vertex Data
4.2 Bone Offset Transforms
4.3 Hierarchy
4.4 Animation Data
4.5 M3DLoader
5 Character Animation Demo
6 Summary
7 Exercises
Appendix A: Introduction to Windows Programming
A.l Overview
A.1.1 Resources
A.1.2 Events, the Message Queue, Messages, and the Message Loop…
A.1.3 GUI
A.1.4 Unicode
A.2 Basic Windows Application
A.3 Explaining the Basic Windows Application
A.3.1 Includes, Global Variables, and Prototypes
A.3.2 WinMain
A.3.3 WNDCLASS and Registration
A.3.4 Creating and Displaying the Window
A.3.5 The Message Loop
A.3.6 The Window Procedure

INTRODUCTION

Direct3D 11 is a rendering library for writing high performance 3D graphics applications using modern graphics hardware on the

Windows platform. (A modified version of DirectX 9 is used on the XBOX 360.) Direct3D is a low-level library in the sense that its

application programming interface (API) closely models the underlying graphics hardware it controls. The predominant consumer of

Direct3D is the games industry, where higher level rendering engines are built on top of Direct3D. However, other industries need high

performance interactive 3D graphics as well, such as medical and scientific visualization and architectural walkthrough. In addition,

with every new PC being equipped with a modern graphics card, non-3 D applications are beginning to take advantage of the GPU

(graphics processing unit) to offload work to the graphics card for intensive calculations; this is known as general purpose GPU

computing, and Direct3D 11 provides the compute shader API for writing general purpose GPU programs. Although Direct3D is

usually programmed from native C++, stable .NET wrappers exist for Direct3D (e.g., http://slimdx.org/) so that you can access this

powerful 3D graphics API from managed applications. Finally, at their 2011 BUILD conference ( http://www.buildwindows.com/),

Microsoft recently showed that Direct3D 11 will play the key role in writing high performance 3D "Metro" applications in Windows 8.

All-in-all, the future looks bright for Direct3D developers.

This book presents an introduction to programming interactive computer graphics, with an emphasis on game development, using

Direct3D 11. It teaches the fundamentals of Direct3D and shader programming, after which the reader will be prepared to go on and

learn more advanced techniques. The book is divided into three main parts. Part I explains the mathematical tools that will be used

throughout this book. Part II shows how to implement fundamental tasks in Direct3D, such as initialization, defining 3D geometry,

setting up cameras, creating vertex, pixel, geometry, and compute shaders, lighting, texturing, blending, stenciling, and tessellation. Part

III is largely about applying Direct3D to implement a variety of interesting techniques and special effects, such as working with

meshes, terrain rendering, picking, particle systems, environment mapping, normal mapping, displacement mapping, real-time shadows,

and ambient occlusion.

For the beginner, this book is best read front to back. The chapters have been organized so that the difficulty increases

progressively with each chapter. In this way, there are no sudden jumps in complexity leaving the reader lost. In general, for a

particular chapter, we will use the techniques and concepts previously developed. Therefore, it is important that you have mastered the

material of a chapter before continuing. Experienced readers can pick the chapters of interest.

Finally, you may be wondering what kinds of games you can develop after reading this book. The answer to that question is best

obtained by skimming through this book and seeing the types of applications that are developed. From that you should be able to

visualize the types of games that can be developed based on the techniques taught in this book and some of your own ingenuity.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This book was designed with the following three audiences in mind:

1. Intermediate level C++ programmers who would like an introduction to 3D programming using the latest iteration of Direct3D.

2. 3D programmers experienced with an API other than DirectX (e.g., OpenGL) who would like an introduction to Direct3D 11.

3. Experienced Direct3D 9 and Direct3D 11 programmers wishing to learn the latest iteration of Direct3D.

PREREQUISITES

It should be emphasized that this is an introduction to Direct3D 11, shader programming, and 3D game programming; it is not an

introduction to general computer programming. The reader should satisfy the following prerequisites:

1. High School mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, and (mathematical) functions, for example.

2. Competent with Visual Studio: should know how to create projects, add files, and specify external libraries to link, for example.

3. Intermediate C++ and data structure skills: comfortable with pointers, arrays, operator overloading, linked lists, inheritance, and

polymorphism, for example.

4. Familiarity with Windows programming with the Win32 API is helpful, but not required; we provide a Win32 primer in Appendix

REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND HARDWARE

To program Direct3D 11 applications, you will need the DirectX 11 SDK; the latest version can be downloaded from

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/directx/ default.aspx. Once downloaded, follow the instructions given by the installation wizard. At the

time of this writing, the latest SDK version is the June 2010 DirectX SDK. All of our sample programs were written using Visual

Studio 2010.

Direct3D 11 requires Direct3D 11 capable hardware. The demos in this book were tested on a Geforce GTX 460.

USE OF THE D3DX LIBRARY

Since version 7.0, DirectX has shipped with the D3DX (Direct3D Extension) library. This library provides a set of functions, classes,

and interfaces that simplify common 3D graphics related operations, such as math operations, texture and image operations, mesh

operations, and shader operations (e.g., compiling and assembling). That is to say, D3DX contains many features that would be a

chore to implement on your own.

We use the D3DX library throughout this book because it allows us to focus on more interesting material. For instance, we would

rather not spend pages explaining how to load various image formats (e.g., .bmp, .jpeg) into a Direct3D texture interface when we can

do it in a single call to the D3DX function D3DxiicreateTextureFromFiie. In other words, D3DX makes us more

productive and lets us focus more on actual content rather than spending time reinventing the wheel.

Other reasons to use D3DX:

1. D3DX is general and can be used with a wide range of different types of 3D applications.

2. D3DX is fast, at least as fast as general functionality can be.

3. Other developers use D3DX. Therefore, you will most likely encounter code that uses D3DX. Consequently, whether you choose

to use D3DX or not, you should become familiar with it so that you can read code that uses it.

4. D3DX already exists and has been thoroughly tested. Furthermore, it becomes more improved and feature rich with each iteration

of DirectX.

USING THE DIRECTX SDK DOCUMENTATION AND SDK SAMPLES

Direct3D is a huge API and we cannot hope to cover all of its details in this one book. Therefore, to obtain extended information it is

imperative that you learn how to use the DirectX SDK documentation. You can launch the C++ DirectX online documentation by

executing the windows_graphics.chm file in the DirectX SDK\Documentation\DirectX9 directory, where DirectX SDK is the

directory you installed DirectX to. In particular, you will want to navigate to the Direct3D 11 section (see Figure 1).

The DirectX documentation covers just about every part of the DirectX API; therefore it is very useful as a reference, but

because the documentation doesn't go into much depth, or assumes some previous knowledge, it isn't the best learning tool. However,

it does get better and better with every new DirectX version released.

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