DirectX 11入门：3D游戏编程实战教程

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《使用DirectX 11进行3D游戏编程入门》是一本由Frank D. Luna所著的专业教材，适用于那些希望在现代游戏开发领域掌握DirectX 11技术的读者。本书是Mercure Learning and Information出版的最新版，针对DirectX 11图形渲染和游戏编程提供详尽的指导。作者以其深入浅出的方式，帮助读者理解3D游戏编程的基础概念，以及如何利用DirectX 11这一强大的图形处理API进行高效的游戏开发。在DirectX 11版本中，书中涵盖了以下核心知识点： 1. **DirectX 11概述**：介绍了DirectX的历史背景、版本演进和其在3D游戏开发中的关键角色。DirectX 11提供了高性能图形渲染能力，支持GPU并行计算，对于实时渲染、物理模拟和特效处理具有显著提升。 2. **3D数学基础**：包括向量、矩阵、变换和几何形状的处理，这些是3D图形编程的基础，对于理解游戏对象的定位、旋转和缩放至关重要。 3. **DirectX 11 API**：详细讲解了Direct3D 11 API，包括Direct3D设备创建、资源管理（如纹理、缓冲区和顶点缓冲）、命令列表和绘制系统。此外，还会涉及几何管线、着色器编程（如HLSL）和多线程优化。 4. **图形渲染管线**：介绍了从顶点到像素的完整渲染过程，包括顶点输入、顶点Shader、几何Shader、着色器模型、光栅化、后处理和抗锯齿等环节。 5. **物理与光照**：涉及物理引擎的原理和实现，以及光照模型（如Phong、Gouraud和布鲁克斯-卡特迈尔），帮助读者创建逼真的游戏世界。 6. **交互与输入**：讨论了用户输入处理，包括键盘、鼠标、触摸和游戏控制器，以及如何实现交互式游戏体验。 7. **多媒体和音频**：介绍了如何在DirectX 11环境中集成音频和视频，增强游戏的沉浸感。 8. **性能优化**：提供实用技巧和最佳实践，帮助开发者识别和解决常见的性能瓶颈，以确保游戏在各种硬件平台上流畅运行。 9. **实战项目**：书中包含一系列实践项目，让读者通过实际操作加深对理论知识的理解，并掌握将所学应用到实际游戏开发中的能力。《使用DirectX 11进行3D游戏编程入门》是一本全面且实用的教程，适合想要进入游戏开发领域的程序员，特别是那些希望深入理解和运用DirectX 11来提升游戏图形效果的开发者。通过阅读这本书，读者可以建立起坚实的3D图形编程基础，为未来在游戏开发职业道路上取得成功奠定坚实的基础。

Chapter 24 Quaternions
1 Review of the Complex Numbers
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Geometric Interpretation
1.3 Polar Representation and Rotations
2 Quaternion Algebra
2.1 Definition and Basic Operations
2.2 Special Products
2.3 Properties
2.4 Conversions
2.5 Conjugate and Norm
2.6 Inverses
2.7 Polar Representation
3 Unit Quaternions and Rotations
3.1 Rotation Operator
3.2 Quaternion Rotation Operator to Matrix
3.3 Matrix to Quaternion Rotation Operator
3.4 Composition
4 Quaternion Interpolation
5 XNA Math Quaternion Functions
6 Rotation Demo
7 Summary
8 Exercises
Chapter 25 Character Animation
1 Frame Hierarchies
1.1 Mathematical Formulation
2 Skinned Meshes
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Reformulating a Bones To-Root Transform
2.3 The Offset Transform
2.4 Animating the Skeleton
2.5 Calculating the Final Transform
3 Vertex Blending
4 Loading .m3d Animation Data
4.1 Skinned Vertex Data
4.2 Bone Offset Transforms
4.3 Hierarchy
4.4 Animation Data
4.5 M3DLoader
5 Character Animation Demo
6 Summary
7 Exercises
Appendix A: Introduction to Windows Programming
A.l Overview
A.1.1 Resources
A.1.2 Events, the Message Queue, Messages, and the Message Loop…
A.1.3 GUI
A.1.4 Unicode
A.2 Basic Windows Application
A.3 Explaining the Basic Windows Application
A.3.1 Includes, Global Variables, and Prototypes
A.3.2 WinMain
A.3.3 WNDCLASS and Registration
A.3.4 Creating and Displaying the Window
A.3.5 The Message Loop
A.3.6 The Window Procedure

INTRODUCTION

Direct3D 11 is a rendering library for writing high performance 3D graphics applications using modern graphics hardware on the

Windows platform. (A modified version of DirectX 9 is used on the XBOX 360.) Direct3D is a low-level library in the sense that its

application programming interface (API) closely models the underlying graphics hardware it controls. The predominant consumer of

Direct3D is the games industry, where higher level rendering engines are built on top of Direct3D. However, other industries need high

performance interactive 3D graphics as well, such as medical and scientific visualization and architectural walkthrough. In addition,

with every new PC being equipped with a modern graphics card, non-3 D applications are beginning to take advantage of the GPU

(graphics processing unit) to offload work to the graphics card for intensive calculations; this is known as general purpose GPU

computing, and Direct3D 11 provides the compute shader API for writing general purpose GPU programs. Although Direct3D is

usually programmed from native C++, stable .NET wrappers exist for Direct3D (e.g., http://slimdx.org/) so that you can access this

powerful 3D graphics API from managed applications. Finally, at their 2011 BUILD conference ( http://www.buildwindows.com/),

Microsoft recently showed that Direct3D 11 will play the key role in writing high performance 3D "Metro" applications in Windows 8.

All-in-all, the future looks bright for Direct3D developers.

This book presents an introduction to programming interactive computer graphics, with an emphasis on game development, using

Direct3D 11. It teaches the fundamentals of Direct3D and shader programming, after which the reader will be prepared to go on and

learn more advanced techniques. The book is divided into three main parts. Part I explains the mathematical tools that will be used

throughout this book. Part II shows how to implement fundamental tasks in Direct3D, such as initialization, defining 3D geometry,

setting up cameras, creating vertex, pixel, geometry, and compute shaders, lighting, texturing, blending, stenciling, and tessellation. Part

III is largely about applying Direct3D to implement a variety of interesting techniques and special effects, such as working with

meshes, terrain rendering, picking, particle systems, environment mapping, normal mapping, displacement mapping, real-time shadows,

and ambient occlusion.

For the beginner, this book is best read front to back. The chapters have been organized so that the difficulty increases

progressively with each chapter. In this way, there are no sudden jumps in complexity leaving the reader lost. In general, for a

particular chapter, we will use the techniques and concepts previously developed. Therefore, it is important that you have mastered the

material of a chapter before continuing. Experienced readers can pick the chapters of interest.

Finally, you may be wondering what kinds of games you can develop after reading this book. The answer to that question is best

obtained by skimming through this book and seeing the types of applications that are developed. From that you should be able to

visualize the types of games that can be developed based on the techniques taught in this book and some of your own ingenuity.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This book was designed with the following three audiences in mind:

1. Intermediate level C++ programmers who would like an introduction to 3D programming using the latest iteration of Direct3D.

2. 3D programmers experienced with an API other than DirectX (e.g., OpenGL) who would like an introduction to Direct3D 11.

3. Experienced Direct3D 9 and Direct3D 11 programmers wishing to learn the latest iteration of Direct3D.

PREREQUISITES

It should be emphasized that this is an introduction to Direct3D 11, shader programming, and 3D game programming; it is not an

introduction to general computer programming. The reader should satisfy the following prerequisites:

1. High School mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, and (mathematical) functions, for example.

2. Competent with Visual Studio: should know how to create projects, add files, and specify external libraries to link, for example.

3. Intermediate C++ and data structure skills: comfortable with pointers, arrays, operator overloading, linked lists, inheritance, and

polymorphism, for example.

4. Familiarity with Windows programming with the Win32 API is helpful, but not required; we provide a Win32 primer in Appendix

REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND HARDWARE

To program Direct3D 11 applications, you will need the DirectX 11 SDK; the latest version can be downloaded from

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/directx/ default.aspx. Once downloaded, follow the instructions given by the installation wizard. At the

time of this writing, the latest SDK version is the June 2010 DirectX SDK. All of our sample programs were written using Visual

Studio 2010.

Direct3D 11 requires Direct3D 11 capable hardware. The demos in this book were tested on a Geforce GTX 460.

USE OF THE D3DX LIBRARY

Since version 7.0, DirectX has shipped with the D3DX (Direct3D Extension) library. This library provides a set of functions, classes,

and interfaces that simplify common 3D graphics related operations, such as math operations, texture and image operations, mesh

operations, and shader operations (e.g., compiling and assembling). That is to say, D3DX contains many features that would be a

chore to implement on your own.

We use the D3DX library throughout this book because it allows us to focus on more interesting material. For instance, we would

rather not spend pages explaining how to load various image formats (e.g., .bmp, .jpeg) into a Direct3D texture interface when we can

do it in a single call to the D3DX function D3DxiicreateTextureFromFiie. In other words, D3DX makes us more

productive and lets us focus more on actual content rather than spending time reinventing the wheel.

Other reasons to use D3DX:

1. D3DX is general and can be used with a wide range of different types of 3D applications.

2. D3DX is fast, at least as fast as general functionality can be.

3. Other developers use D3DX. Therefore, you will most likely encounter code that uses D3DX. Consequently, whether you choose

to use D3DX or not, you should become familiar with it so that you can read code that uses it.

4. D3DX already exists and has been thoroughly tested. Furthermore, it becomes more improved and feature rich with each iteration

of DirectX.

USING THE DIRECTX SDK DOCUMENTATION AND SDK SAMPLES

Direct3D is a huge API and we cannot hope to cover all of its details in this one book. Therefore, to obtain extended information it is

imperative that you learn how to use the DirectX SDK documentation. You can launch the C++ DirectX online documentation by

executing the windows_graphics.chm file in the DirectX SDK\Documentation\DirectX9 directory, where DirectX SDK is the

directory you installed DirectX to. In particular, you will want to navigate to the Direct3D 11 section (see Figure 1).

The DirectX documentation covers just about every part of the DirectX API; therefore it is very useful as a reference, but

because the documentation doesn't go into much depth, or assumes some previous knowledge, it isn't the best learning tool. However,

it does get better and better with every new DirectX version released.

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