《使用GNUstep AppKit指南》 - GNUstep的使用指南，简单标注，可能已过时。

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Chapter 3: GNUstep Applications 6

You will most likely ever need only two resources: your interface ﬁle, and your application’s

property list (Info-gnustep.plist).

3.2 Constructing an application

Below, we have listed the main steps required in the building of an application from scratch.

These steps are listed in a general, but you will generally need to come back to them again

e.g. if you add new source or interface ﬁles to your application, you will need to come back

and modify the makeﬁle. See the chapters on Makeﬁle creation, Interface ﬁles and Application

property lists for more details on the construction of these various ﬁles.

1. GNUmakeﬁle

You will need to create a GNUmakeﬁle to build your application. A generic template is

shown in the chapter entitled see

[Application Makeﬁles], page 10.

2. Interface Files

You will need at least one interface ﬁle (‘.gorm’) for your application, however, you can

create your interface programatically if necessary (although this is rarely recommended).

3. Application Property List

This is generally necessary, especially if you want to deﬁne your main interface ﬁle, however

it is possible to let the make application generate it for you.

4. Other Resource Files

These may include icons, images, other property lists, application-speciﬁc data ﬁles. You

can add whatever resource ﬁles you like, including directories (which should be added re-

cursively).

3.3 Building a First Application

This section attempts to run you through the steps that you would usually go through to

assemble an application from scratch. We expect that you have some experience programming

with Objective-C, especially with GNUstep, and that you at least have it installed and running

with some applications installed.

Apart from helping you setup the infrastructure for a basic application, we’ve provided instruc-

tions for a basic control and event handler as an example. You may wish to ignore these steps,

but they’re useful reminders if you use these instructions in the future.

A checklist includes:

1. GNUstep Make sure that you have gnustep-make, gnustep-base, gnustep-gui and gnustep-

back installed and running on your system. There system-speciﬁc instructions for installing

GNUstep on diﬀerent systems at the website, http://www.gnustep.org. We also expect

that you have some experience using it, such as sourcing the GNUstep startup shell ﬁle and

starting applications. There are various tutorials and instructions available on the internet

for getting GNUstep up and running.

2. Gorm.app Gorm, as mentioned above, is the GNUstep interface builder. It’s available as an

application from the GNUstep web site, and is the recommended means to build interfaces

for applications. Make sure that it will startup and operate correctly on your system. We

will use it to build the interface for our application.

3. A text editor Depending on what platform your working on and whether or not you’re using

a GUI, an editor could be anything simple from vim to a good quality free editor like gedit

or kate. You will need it to edit the source code ﬁles and makeﬁles we will use to build the

application.

4. A shell GNUstep’s makeﬁle system depends heavily on the shell environment that make

commands are invoked in. On Unix, this could be ‘sh’, ‘bash’, ‘ksh’, ‘csh’ or whatever

Chapter 3: GNUstep Applications 7

you prefer to work with. On Windows, you will want to use MSYS which comes with a

minimal Unix-like shell (a port of bash) which is suﬃcient for use with GNUstep. If you use

the installable binary version of GNUstep for Windows, you should have a copy of MSYS

installed.

We will assume somewhat that you know your way around your ﬁlesystem using it, and

that you know most basic commands for creating ﬁles, starting programmes, manipulating

directory structures, etc.

3.3.1 Setup

Startup your shell and source GNUstep.sh from your GNUstep installation (if it’s not sourced

by default). Create a directory for your application sources to be created in. For example:

> cd ~

> mkdir firstapp

> cd firstapp

> . /usr/lib/GNUstep/System/Library/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh

In the above, we simply created a new directory under our home directory called ‘firstapp’,

changed into it and sourced our GNUstep installation (which in this case is under ‘/usr/lib’

Next we will create our makeﬁle. Using your favourite editor, create a ﬁle called ‘GNUmakefile’

(the case is important). In this case we’re using vim:

touch GNUmakefile

vim GNUmakefile

And in the makeﬁle, add the following:

include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/common.make

APP_NAME = FirstApp

FirstApp_OBJC FILES = main.m \

MyController.m

FirstApp_MAIN_MODEL_FILE = FirstApp.gorm

FirstApp_RESOURCE_FILES = FirstApp.gorm

include $(GNUSTEP_MAKEFILES)/application.make

The ﬁrst line of the makeﬁle includes some declarations common to all makeﬁles (tools, bundles,

etc).

APP

NAME contains a space-separated list of the applications to build. In this case we’re

only building one (FirstApp). The application wrapper that is outputted will be called

‘FirstApp.app’. This name also is used to preﬁx each of the following variables. If you were to

change this value, you would have to change the value of OBJC FILES, MAIN MODEL FILE,

etc. accordingly.

FirstApp OBJC FILES contains a list of each of the Objective-C ﬁles that will be compiled

into this programme. Note that like normal makeﬁles, you can split a variable declaration like

this over a number of lines by using the "\" delimeter.

FirstApp MAIN MODEL FILE is the main interface ﬁle wrapper.

FirstApp RESOURCE FILES contains a list of all the resources, including interface ﬁles, icons,

property lists etc.

The ﬁnal line lets the makeﬁle system know we want to build an application.

Replace ‘/usr/lib’ with the path to your GNUstep installation

Chapter 3: GNUstep Applications 8

3.3.2 Interface File

Make sure you are familiar with Gorm before using this. Refer to the Gorm Manual, a link to

which should be at http://www.gnustep.org/experience/Gorm.html.

Load up Gorm.app and create a "New Application". A window should appear with the title and

a project called "UNTITLED".

openapp Gorm.app

From the menu, select Document->New Application

Save your project as "FirstApp.gorm" by going to Document->Save, navigating to the project

directory, typing in "FirstApp" as the ﬁlename and clicking "OK".

Select your window in the project pane. Switch to the Inspector and give it a new name such

as "My First Application".

Switch back to the project pane. Select "Classes" from the toolbar. From the class view, select

"NSObject", goto the main menu and select Classes->Create Subclass.

Double-click the new class in the class view, and double-click to rename it to "MyController"

(case is important). Click "OK" if prompted. We’re going to use this class as our applica-

tion’s main controller, but you can create as many "controller" classes as you like with whatever

names you choose. It just so happens that we’ve decided to create a ﬁle with the name "My-

Controller.m" that will contain the implementation of this class. Note that GNUstep doesn’t

enforce a strict MVC pattern on your classes; it merely separates the view part into it’s own

classes which you conﬁgure in Gorm.app, and lets you handle data and behaviour (Model and

Controller) in your code as you like.

Select the button in the "Action" column for "MyController" then goto Classes->Add Out-

let/Action. Rename the action to "myAction:". Select the class again, and goto Classes-

>Instantiate. Again, we could call this action whatever we like, just make sure that it’s not

something generic like "click:", which are used by the NSResponder class. The name of the

button in method name form is often a good choice.

For the MyController class, goto the main menu and select Classes->Create Class Files. Save

them as "MyController.h" and "MyController.m". Gorm.app ﬁlls out the basic details for this

class (including the action). If you modify the actions and/or outlets on the class in Gorm.app

in the future, you will want to add them to your class interface and implementation manually.

Gorm.app will override your modiﬁcations to ﬁles if you tell it to create the class ﬁles at some

time in the future.

Goto the palette, click the third toolbar button and then click and drag a new button object

onto the window. Double-click the button to rename it and call it "My Action".

We now want to connect the button to the action on MyController. First switch to the "Objects"

pane in the project view. Note that our MyController class is listed as an object instance, as

we instantiated it before. Select it, switch to the Inspector and then select "Connections" from

the drop-down box.

Now, make sure that the application window with the button on it and the project window are

both visible at the same time. Hold down your ﬁrst control key (usually left-Ctrl), click the

button on the window, and drag the icon to the MyController object in the Objects pane and

release. While you are dragging the mouse, you will note that the icon looks like a small circle

with a "T" in it. The source object (the button) will continue to contain the "S" circle while

the target object (the MyController instance) contains the "T" circle.

Goto File->Save to save your interface ﬁle and then quit Gorm.app.

If you really don’t want to add the outlets/actions to your class by hand if you modify the interface in the future,

you could just save the classes to diﬀerently named ﬁles and then merge the changes back into the original ﬁles.

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