认知无线电网络动态资源分配策略综述

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7References

a summary introduction of CR concept, characteristics and tasks. Furthermore, ac-

cording to the requirements of CR systems, we also introduce a promising paradigm

for the physical layer of a CR system—OFDM technology. The unique features of

OFDM technology are also detailed to manifest its superiority for application in CR

systems.

References

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May 2006.

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10 2 Dynamic Resource Allocation

The coherence bandwidth, defined as a range of frequencies over which the

channel can be considered as flat fading, is a significant parameter to characterize

the multipath fading channels in frequency domain [1]. By taking advantage of this

property, each OFDM subchannel can be assumed to undergo flat fading as long

as the bandwidth of each subchannel is chosen much smaller than the coherence

bandwidth of the channel. One of the most popular models to illustrate the statistical

nature of flat fading channels is the Clark’s model based on scattering [1]. In this

model, the fading parameter of the channel is considered to be a random variable

with Rayleigh distribution. Besides, it is also assumed that additive white Gaussian

noise (AWGN) imposes on all subchannels of all users.

Accordingly, the fading parameters for different users are mutually independent,

which implies that it is unlikely for a certain subchannel to undergo deep fading for

all users; that is, each subchannel is expected to be in good condition for some users

in the system, also referred to as multiuser diversity. One of the crucial principles of

dynamic resource allocation is intended to assign each subchannel to the user with

the best channel gain on it. The essential premise of such a scheme is the perfect

estimation of channel information and feedback to base stations, while the channel

information is always available at the beginning of each transmission block. In ad-

dition, the fading rate of each channel is supposed to be slow enough that the time-

varying channel can be deemed quasi-static where the channel condition does not

change within each OFDM transmission block.

The resource allocation schemes discussed in this brief are based on the assump-

tion of perfect channel information at both the transmitter and the receiver sides.

While it is rarely possible for the transmitter to obtain perfect channel state infor-

mation (CSI), typical channel estimation is accurate enough to justify the use of

adaptive resource allocation. The channel prediction algorithms have been studied

extensively in the past years and recently, more studies have been focused on chan-

nel prediction methods in the context of OFDM [2–8].

In a multiuser OFDM system, the subchannel allocation is generally carried out

based on the instantaneous channel information and the desired requirements of sys-

tem. According to the aforementioned analysis about wireless channel characteris-

tics, Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 depict the channel gain of a frequency selective fading with

32 subchannels and the channel gain of a wireless channel with eight subchannels

and four users, respectively. These two figures manifest two important properties of

channel gains in a multiuser OFDM system: First, different subchannels of a certain

user experience different fading levels because of frequency selectivity of a channel,

namely, frequency diversity; second, the subchannel gains of users at different loca-

tions vary independently, known as multiuser diversity. Taking full advantage of the

channel information and its properties, the transmitter performs dynamic subchannel

and power allocation to achieve the best performance of the system [9].

2.1.2 FFT-Based Transceiver

Consider the downlink of a multiuser OFDM system, a base station communicates

with multiple users with limited resources, such as the given bandwidth and the

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