计算机组织与架构基础:硬件与软件交互的关键

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《计算机组织与架构基础》是一本由Linda Null和Julia Lobur合著的计算机科学教材,专为理解计算机硬件、组织与架构以及它们与软件性能之间关系的学生设计。该书系统地探讨了计算系统的层次结构,从底层硬件如处理器、内存、输入输出设备,到中间层的指令集架构、编译器、汇编语言和操作系统,直至上层的软件抽象。这些层次构成一个虚拟机的体系结构,体现了硬件与软件之间的交互。 在学习过程中,学生们可能会疑惑为什么作为计算机科学专业的学生也需要了解硬件层面的知识。实际上,虽然日常编程和使用应用软件并不需要深入理解其内部工作原理,但在面临性能优化或特定需求无法满足时,对计算机系统的底层理解至关重要。例如,程序员可能需要调整算法来提高代码执行效率,或者调试程序时需要知道硬件如何处理特定指令。此外,对计算机硬件的了解也有助于选择和设计更适合特定任务的硬件平台。 书中详尽阐述了计算机组织的核心概念,如指令流水线、存储器层次结构、并行计算和缓存技术,以及处理器设计中的关键要素。而计算机架构部分则着重于硬件与软件接口的细节,如总线、中断系统、CPU寄存器和寻址方式等。作者通过实例和理论相结合的方式,帮助读者建立起从硬件到高级软件抽象的桥梁。 此外,该书还涵盖了版权信息,包括出版商、作者的联系信息,以及关于复制和利用版权材料的规定。总体来说,《计算机组织与架构基础》是一本实用的工具书,不仅适合计算机科学专业学生,也对工程师和研究人员提供了深入理解计算机系统运作机制的基础。通过学习这本书,读者将能够更有效地解决实际问题,并在不断发展的信息技术领域保持竞争力。

翻译 There are several reasons a network designed on layer-2 protocols is selected over a network designed on layer-3 protocols. In spite of the difficulties of using a bridge to perform the network role of a router, many vendors, customers, and service providers choose to use Ethernet in as many parts of their networks as possible. The benefits of selecting a layer-2 design are: Ethernet frames contain all the essentials for networking. These include, but are not limited to, globally unique source addresses, globally unique destination addresses, and error control. Ethernet frames can carry any kind of packet. Networking at layer-2 is independent of the layer-3 protocol. Adding more layers to the Ethernet frame only slows the networking process down. This is known as nodal processing delay. You can add adjunct networking features, for example class of service (CoS) or multicasting, to Ethernet as readily as IP networks. VLANs are an easy mechanism for isolating networks. Most information starts and ends inside Ethernet frames. Today this applies to data, voice, and video. The concept is that the network will benefit more from the advantages of Ethernet if the transfer of information from a source to a destination is in the form of Ethernet frames. Although it is not a substitute for IP networking, networking at layer-2 can be a powerful adjunct to IP networking. Layer-2 Ethernet usage has additional benefits over layer-3 IP network usage: Speed Reduced overhead of the IP hierarchy. No need to keep track of address configuration as systems move around. Whereas the simplicity of layer-2 protocols might work well in a data center with hundreds of physical machines, cloud data centers have the additional burden of needing to keep track of all virtual machine addresses and networks. In these data centers, it is not uncommon for one physical node to support 30-40 instances.

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