无线频谱接入的在线定价策略:未知需求与呼叫时长分布

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"这篇论文研究了在线次级频谱访问的定价问题,其中无线服务提供商为两类用户提供服务:主要用户和次要用户。主要用户有长期合同,而次要用户则根据当前可用的多余频谱进行接纳并定价。次要用户的接受价格的概率由一个潜在的需求函数决定。在本文中,作者分析了在需求函数和呼叫时长分布未知的情况下最大化次要用户接纳利润的问题。他们提出了新的在线、基于占用率的定价算法——测量阈值定价(MTP),该算法通过测量次要用户对特定价格的反应来工作,不需要预先知道需求函数。数值研究表明,基于占用率的政策对于不同呼叫时长分布和需求函数具有接近最优的性能,而MTP能够快速收敛到接近最优的在线利润局部最优解。" 在无线通信领域,频谱资源是有限且宝贵的。这篇论文探讨了一个关键问题,即如何在需求不确定和呼叫时长分布未知的环境下,对次要用户进行有效的在线定价,以实现无线服务提供商的最大化利润。传统研究通常假设需求函数已知,呼叫时长服从指数分布,但这种假设在实际中往往过于理想化。本文挑战了这些假设,研究更为现实的情况。 论文的主要贡献在于提出了一种新的策略,即占用率为基础的定价策略。这种策略只依赖于系统中正在进行的呼叫总数,而与呼叫时长的具体分布无关,除了平均时长之外。这意味着,对于各种呼叫时长分布,只要能掌握总体占用率,就能制定有效的定价决策。 此外,作者引入了测量阈值定价(MTP)算法,这是一种在线算法,它通过观察次要用户对特定价格的响应来动态调整定价,无需事先了解需求函数。MTP优化了一个仅依赖价格的利润函数,并证明即使该函数可能有多重局部最优解,算法也能以类似于单模函数的收敛速度找到一个局部最优解。 通过数值模拟,论文展示了基于占用率的定价策略在各种呼叫时长分布和需求函数条件下接近最优的性能,以及MTP在寻找近似最优在线利润上的快速收敛特性。这为无线服务提供商在实际操作中面对不确定性时提供了有价值的指导,有助于他们在复杂环境中制定更灵活、更适应市场的定价策略。

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C++Write a program that will prepare a shipping label and determine the cost for a box of any size and mass. five attributes: type double length, width, height, mass, price six attributes: type string senderName, receiverName, senderAddress, receiverAddress, originCountry, destinationCountry (you can shorten names if you like, just make a comment about their meaning) a default constructor – basic initial values for all parameters a user constructor – input sender Name, senderAddress, originCountry a double function volume() – a function to return l×w×h a double function surfArea() – a function to return 2×(l×w+l×h+w×h) a double function girth() – a function to return the perimeter for the two smallest dimensions P=2(x+y), where x and y are the two smalles of l,w,h a double function maxDim() – a function to return the largest dimension from l,w,h a double function pricing() – a function to return the shipping price based on the table above an operator+ function – a function that determines the total cost of shipping (return type double).... (you may decide how to calculate.... a) add prices from both packages, b) apply fee or discount for number of packages) an operator>> function – a function to get the information from the user about the package.... OR.... a set of “ask” functions to ask the same information an operator<< function – a function to type the information in the shipping label format.... OR.... a set of “print” functions – to print the same information

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