区块链入门指南：打造解决方案全书

Blockchain

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Backstory ofBlockchain

One of the first known digital disruptions that laid the foundation of the

Internet was TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

back in the 1970s. Prior to TCP/IP, it was the era of circuit switching, which

required dedicated connection between two parties for communication

to happen. TCP/IP came up with its packet switching design, which was

more open and peer-to-peer with no need to preestablish a dedicated line

between parties.

When the Internet was made accessible to the public through the

World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, it was supposed to be

more open and peer-to- peer. This is because it was built atop the open

and decentralized TCP/IP.When any new technology, especially the

revolutionary ones, hits the market, either they fade away on their own, or

they create such an impact that they become the accepted norm. People

adapted to the WWW revolution and leveraged the benefits it had to offer

in every possible way. As a result, the World Wide Web started shaping up

in a way that might not have been the exact way it was imagined. It could

have been more open, more accessible, and more peer-to-peer. Many new

technologies and businesses started to build on top of it and it became

what it is today—more centralized. Slowly and gradually, people get used to

what technology offers. People are just fine if an international transaction

takes days to settle, or it is too expensive, or it is less reliable.

Let us take a closer look at the banking system and its evolution.

Starting from the olden days of barter system till fiat currencies, there

was no real difference between a transaction and its settlement because

they were not two separate entities. As an example, if Alice had to pay $10

to Bob, she would just hand over a $10 note to Bob and the transaction

would just get settled there. No bank was needed to debit $10 from Alice’s

account and credit the same to Bob’s account or to serve as a system of

trust to ensure Alice does not cheat Bob. However, transacting directly

Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon to BloCkChaIn

with someone who is physically not present close by was difficult.

So, banking systems evolved with many more service offerings and enabled

transactions from every corner of the world. With the help of the Internet,

geography was no more a limitation and banking became easier than ever.

Not just banking for that matter: the Internet facilitated many different

kinds of value exchange over the web.

Technology enabled someone from India to make a monetary

transaction with someone in the United Kingdom, but with some cost.

It takes days to settle such transactions and is expensive as well. A bank was

always needed to impose trust and ensure security for such transactions

between two or more parties. What if technology could enable trust and

security without these intermediary and centralized systems? Somehow, this

part (of technology imposing trust) was missing all through, which resulted

in development of centralized systems such as banks, escrow services,

clearing houses, registrars and many other such institutions. Blockchain

proves to be that missing piece of the Internet revolution puzzle that

facilitates a trustless system in a cryptographically secured way.

Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous name by which the world

knows him, must have felt that the monetary systems were not touched

by the technological revolution since the 1980s. Banks formed the

centralized institutions that maintained the transaction records, governed

interactions, enforced trust and security, and regulated the whole system.

The whole of commerce relies on these financial institutions, which

serve as the trusted third parties to process payments. The mediation

of financial institutions increases cost and time to settle a transaction,

and also limits the transaction sizes. The mediation was needed to settle

disputes, but that meant that completely nonreversible transaction was

never possible. This resulted in a situation where trust was needed for

someone to transact with another. Certainly, this bureaucratic system had

to change to keep up with the economy’s expected digital transformation.

So, Satoshi invented a cryptocurrency called Bitcoin that was enabled by

the underlying technology— blockchain. Bitcoin is just one monetary use

Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon to BloCkChaIn

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