Optics Communications 467 (2020) 125689
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Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom
64APSK constellation scheme for short-reach DMT with ISDD enabled SFO
compensation
Yi Liu
a
, Jing He
a,
∗
, Ming Chen
b
, Yaoqiang Xiao
a
, Yun Cheng
c
a
College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
b
School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
c
Department of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 41700, China
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Inter-symbol differential encoding/detection
(ISDE/ISDD)
Sampling frequency offset (SFO)
Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (APSK)
Discrete multi-tone (DMT)
A B S T R A C T
Sampling frequency offset between digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
always exists in asynchronous optical discrete multi-tone (DMT) systems. The overall bit error rate (BER)
performance may be seriously deteriorated due to SFO-induced phase rotation. Inter-symbol differential
encoding/detection (ISDE/ISDD) with decision-aided residual phase compensation (RPC) has been employed to
compensate SFO. No extra training sequences or pilot subcarriers are required for SFO compensation. However,
the increased phase noise induced by ISDD is still a problem and may degrade the BER performance of the
DMT receiver, especially for high-order modulation formats. In this work, we propose the use of amplitude
and phase shift keying (APSK) constellation scheme to against the ISDD-induced phase noise and then improve
the BER performance. In our simulations, the 64QAM and two types of 64APSK modulation formats for DMT
are studied in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and intensity-modulation/direct-detection
optical fiber transmission system. The simulated results exhibit that the employed two 64APSK constellation
schemes outperform the conventional 64QAM modulation format in the presence of ISDD-induced phase noise.
By using the proposed 64APSK constellation scheme, the SNR performance can be improved by up to 3dB when
the BER is 1E-3 in AWGN channel. Besides, up to 2dB improvement in the receiver sensitivity in terms of the
received optical power can be also achieved, compared to the conventional 64QAM modulation format.
1. Introduction
Discrete Multi-tone (DMT) is a special multi-carrier scheme which
derives from orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), it
can not only preserve the advantages of traditional OFDM such as
high spectral (SE) and the resistance to optical fiber dispersions, but
also of its high throughput and compatibility with intensity-modulation
and direct-detection (IMDD). DMT has attracted lots of research owing
to its simple structure, low DSP complexity and low cost compared
with coherent optical systems [1,2]. It is very suitable for cost-sensitive
and short-reach applications such as data centers and passive opti-
cal networks [3]. However, sampling frequency offset (SFO) between
digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the transmitter and analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) in the receiver can seriously degrade the system
performance. The effects of SFO on DMT signals can be summarized
as amplitude reduction, phase rotations, inter-carrier interference (ICI)
in frequency domain [4] and inter-symbol interference (ISI) in time
domain [5]. For the amplitude reduction, it can be regarded as one part
of channel response and can be compensated by channel equalization.
For the SFO-induced ICI, it can be regarded as additional noise when
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jhe@hnu.edu.cn (J. He).
the SFO is not so large [6]. Besides, the SFO-induced ISI can be avoided
if the optimal length of cyclic prefix (CP)/cyclic suffix (CS) and the
number of DMT symbols per DMT frame are chosen [7]. Thus, the SFO
compensation scheme is mainly to compensate the SFO-induced phase
rotation on the received constellation points.
In the literature, several methods of SFO compensation scheme are
proposed for optical DMT systems in recent years. The first method
is to estimate SFO by a dedicated clock transmitted to the receiver
or only estimating SFO by digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm,
and then feed-back to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to mitigate
the impairments of SFO [8,9], but it required the additional clock
recovery circuits or the stable VCO. The second method is using DSP
technique both in SFO estimation and compensation. Pilot subcarriers
are usually used to estimate and compensate the SFO [10], but it results
in the reduced SE. In [11], the SFO compensation scheme is adapted
based on training symbols (TS), which is limited by the estimation and
compensation range of SFO (±100 ppm/±60 ppm). An adaptive SFO
pre-compensation has been studied for multi-ONUs [12], but the SFO
estimations and feedback are required. The third method is directly
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.125689
Received 16 January 2020; Received in revised form 5 March 2020; Accepted 6 March 2020
Available online 10 March 2020
0030-4018/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.