C#玩家指南2：带目录详解版

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"The C# Players Guide 2 (带目录,非扫描版) - RBWhitaker" 《C#玩家指南第二版》是一本专为C#编程语言爱好者和学习者编写的指南书籍，作者RBWhitaker在原有的版本基础上增加了目录，以便读者更方便地查找和查阅相关主题。这本书主要涵盖了C#编程的各种核心概念和技术，旨在帮助读者掌握这门强大的面向对象编程语言。 C#，全称为C Sharp，是由微软公司开发的一种现代化、类型安全的面向对象编程语言，它广泛应用于Windows应用程序开发、游戏开发（尤其是Unity引擎）、Web应用以及移动应用等领域。C#的特点包括：简洁的语法、垃圾回收机制、自动内存管理、丰富的类库支持、泛型、LINQ、异步编程等。在《C#玩家指南第二版》中，读者可以期待学习到以下关键知识点： 1. **基础语法**：包括变量、数据类型、控制流（如if语句、switch语句、循环）、函数、数组和字符串的使用。 2. **面向对象编程**：涵盖类、对象、继承、多态、封装等概念，这是C#的核心特性。 3. **泛型**：C#中的泛型允许创建可重用的类型，可以应用于多种数据类型，减少代码重复，提高效率。 4. **LINQ（Language Integrated Query）**：一种用于查询数据的强大工具，将查询语言直接集成到C#中，使得数据库操作更为简洁。 5. **异常处理**：学习如何使用try-catch-finally结构来捕获和处理程序运行时可能出现的错误。 6. **异步编程**：C# 5.0引入了async和await关键字，使得编写高性能的并发和并行代码变得更容易。 7. **.NET框架**：了解.NET框架的基础知识，包括CLR（Common Language Runtime）和类库，以及如何利用这些资源来构建应用程序。 8. **Windows Forms和WPF**：对于桌面应用开发者，书中可能会讲解如何使用C#与这两种UI框架进行交互。 9. **单元测试**：学习如何编写和执行单元测试，确保代码的质量和稳定性。 10. **调试技巧**：掌握如何使用Visual Studio或其他IDE进行调试，找出并修复程序中的错误。 11. **高级话题**：可能包含委托、事件、反射、动态类型、异步流、协程等进阶主题。此外，作者RBWhitaker在书中强调了对错误和遗漏的责任免责声明，意味着虽然他们已尽力保证内容的准确性，但读者仍需理解技术书籍可能存在疏漏，遇到问题时应自行求证。《C#玩家指南第二版》是一本全面介绍C#编程的实用教程，无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中受益。通过深入学习这本书，你将能够熟练掌握C#语言，为自己的编程生涯打下坚实的基础。

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3 Acknowledgements

The task of writing a book is like writing software. When you start, you’re sure it’s only going to take a

few weeks. It’ll be easy, you think. But as you start working, you start seeing that you’re going to need

to make changes, and lots of them. You need to rearrange entire chapters, add topics you hadn’t

even thought about, and you discover that there’s not even going to be a place in your book for that

chapter called Muppets of the Eastern Seaboard.

I couldn’t have ever finished this book without help. I’ll start by thanking Jack Wall, Sam Hulick, Clint

Mansell, and the others who wrote the music to the Mass Effect trilogy. (You think I’m joking, don’t

you?) I listened to their music nearly incessantly as I wrote this book. Because of them, every

moment of the creation of this book felt absolutely epic.

I need to also thank the many visitors to my XNA tutorials site, who provided feedback on the early

versions of this work. In particular, I want to thank Jonathan Loh, Thomas Allen, Daniel Bickler, and

Mete ÇOM, who went way above and beyond, spending hours of their own personal time, reading

through this book and provided detailed critique and corrections. With their help, this book is far

more useful and valuable.

I also need to thank my mom and dad. Their confidence in me and their encouragement to always

do the best I can has caused me to do things I never could have done without them.

Most of all, I want to thank my beautiful wife, who was there to lift my spirits when the weight of

writing a book became unbearable, who read through my book and gave honest, thoughtful, and

creative feedback and guidance, and who lovingly pressed me to keep going on this book, day after

day. Without her, this book would still be a random scattering of Word documents, buried in some

obscure folder on my computer, collecting green silicon-based mold.

To all of you, I owe you my sincerest gratitude.

-RB Whitaker

xviii Introduction

My goal is to provide you with the “dungeon map” to direct you as you begin delving into C#, while

still allowing you to mostly explore whatever you want, whenever you want.

I want to point out that this book is intentionally not called Everything you Need to Know about C#, or

The Comprehensive Guide to C#. (Note that if books with those titles actually exist, I’m not referring to

them specifically, but rather, to just the general idea of an all-encompassing book.) I’m here to tell

you, when you’re done with this book, you’ll still have lots to learn about C#.

But guess what? That’s going to happen with any book you use, including those all-encompassing

books. Programming languages are complex creations, and there are enough dark corners and

strange combinations that nobody can learn everything there is to know about them. In fact, I’ve

even seen the people who designed the C# language say they just learned something new about it!

For as long as you use C#, you’ll constantly be learning new things about it, and that’s actually one of

the things that makes programming interesting.

I’ve tried to cover a lot of ground in this book, and with roughly 350 pages, anyone would expect that

to be quite a bit. And it is. But there are plenty of other books out there that are 800 or even 1200

pages long. A book so heavy, you’ll need a packing mule to carry it anywhere. That, or permanently

place it on the central dais of an ancient library, with a single beam of dusty light shining in on it

through a hole in the marble ceiling. Instead of all that, the goal of this book is effectiveness and

clarity, not comprehensiveness. Something that will fit both on your shelf and in your brain.

It is important to point out that this book is focused on the C# programming language, rather than

libraries for building certain specific application types. So while you can build desktop applications,

web pages, and computer games with C#, we won’t be discussing WPF, ASP.NET, DirectX, or any

other platform- or framework-specific code. Instead, we’ll focus on core C# code, without bogging

you down with those additional libraries at first. Once you’ve got the hang of C#, heading into one of

those areas will be much easier.

How This Book is Organized

This book is divided into six parts. Part 1 describes what you need to get going. You’ll learn how to

get set up with the free software that you need to write code and make your first C# program.

Part 2 describes the basics of procedural programming—how to tell the computer, step-by-step,

what to do to accomplish tasks. It covers things like how information is stored (in variables), how to

make decisions, loop over things repeatedly, and put blocks of code that accomplish specific tasks

into a reusable chunk called a method. It also introduces the type system of the C# language, which

is one of the key pieces of C# programming.

Part 3 goes into object-oriented programming, introducing it from the ground up, but also getting

into a lot of the details that make it so powerful. Chapter 18, in my opinion, is the critical point of the

book. It is where we get into the details of making your own classes, which is the most powerful way

C# provides for building your own data types. Everything before this point is giving us the building

blocks that we need to understand and make classes. Everything that we do after is simply providing

us with more ways to use these custom-made types or showing how to use other classes that have

been made by others.

Part 4 covers some common programming tasks, as well as covering some of the more advanced

features of C#. For the most part, these topics are independent of each other, and once you’ve made

it past that critical point in Chapter 18, you should be able to do these at any time you want.

How This Book is Organized xix

Part 5 changes gears, and covers more details about Visual Studio, which you use to create

programs in C#, additional information about the .NET Framework, and some tools, tricks, and

information you can use as you program.

Finally, Part 6 wraps up the book with some larger scale programs for you to try making, a chapter

on where to go next as you continue to learn C#, and a glossary of words that are defined

throughout the book, which you can use as a reference when you run across a word or phrase that

you are unfamiliar with or have forgotten about.

Try It Out!

Scattered throughout the book are a variety of sections labeled Try It Out! These sections give you

simple challenge problems and quizzes that give you a chance to play around with the new concepts

in the chapter and test your understanding. If this were a class, these would be the homework.

The purpose of these Try It Out! sections is to help you get some real world practice with the new

information. You can’t learn to drive a car by reading the owner’s manual, and you can’t learn to

program without writing any code.

I strongly encourage you to spend at least few minutes doing each of these challenges to help you

understand what you’re reading and to help you be sure that you’ve learned what you needed to.

If you have something else you want to explore with the new concepts instead of the challenges I’ve

provided, all the better. The only thing better than playing around with this stuff is doing something

with it that you have a personal interest in. If you want to explore a different direction, go for it!

At the end of the book, in Chapter 46, I have an entire chapter full of larger, tougher challenge

problems for you to try out. These problems involve combining concepts from many chapters

together into one program. Going through some or all of these as you’re finishing up will be a great

way to make sure you’ve learned the most important things you needed to.

The most important thing to remember about these Try It Out! sections is that the answers are all

online. If you get stuck, or just want to compare your solution to someone else’s, you can see mine

at starboundsoftware.com/books/c-sharp/try-it-out/. I should point out that just because your

solution is different from mine (or anyone else’s) doesn’t necessarily mean it is wrong. That’s one of

the best parts about programming—there’s always more than one way to do something.

In a Nutshell

At the beginning of each chapter, I summarize what it contains. These sections are designed to do

the following:

 Summarize the chapter to come.

 Show enough of the chapter so that an experienced programmer can know if they already

know enough to skip the chapter or if they need to study it in depth.

 Review the chapter enough to ensure that you got what you needed to from the chapter. For

instance, imagine you’re about to take a test on C#. You can jump from chapter to chapter,

reading the In a Nutshell sections, and anything it describes that you didn’t already know, you

can then go into the chapter and review it.

In Depth

On occasion, there are a few topics that are not critical to your understand of C#, but they are an

interesting topic that is related to the things you’re learning. You’ll find this information pulled out

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lispythonic

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