自建Linux系统教程：LinuxFromScratch 8.2详解

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Linux From Scratch - Version 8.2

xvi

This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS.

• Tcl

This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages. It is only installed

in the temporary toolchain.

• Texinfo

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following:

• Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux. Although

it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install

software.

• Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/

This guide provides a good summary of basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code.

Linux From Scratch - Version 8.2

xvii

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also

used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

Linux From Scratch - Version 8.2

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. How to Build an LFS System

The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora,

or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs,

including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution

installation to be able to access these tools.

As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a

commercial distribution.

Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the

new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded

to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of an appropriate

working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of

before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.

Chapter 5 explains the installation of a number of packages that will form the basic development suite (or toolchain)

which is used to build the actual system in Chapter 6. Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular

dependencies—for example, to compile a compiler, you need a compiler.

Chapter 5 also shows you how to build a first pass of the toolchain, including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically

means these two core packages will be reinstalled). The next step is to build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be compiled

by the toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a second pass of the toolchain will be built. This time, the

toolchain will be dynamically linked against the newly built Glibc. The remaining Chapter 5 packages are built using

this second pass toolchain. When this is done, the LFS installation process will no longer depend on the host distribution,

with the exception of the running kernel.

This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to

why this is done is provided in Section 5.2, “Toolchain Technical Notes”.

In Chapter 6, the full LFS system is built. The chroot (change root) program is used to enter a virtual environment and

start a new shell whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is very similar to rebooting and instructing

the kernel to mount the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not actually reboot, but instead uses chroot

because creating a bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary just yet. The major advantage is

that “chrooting” allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package

compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as normal.

To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in Chapter 7, and the kernel and boot loader are set

up in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps in

this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.

This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package

descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on

the LFS adventure.

1.2. What's new since the last release

Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book.

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