VPP-4.3.2文本语言VISA实施规范历史与特性概述

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VPP-4.3.2是VISA（Virtual Instrument Software Architecture）实施规范的一部分，专为文本语言设计，由Systems Alliance发布于2016年2月26日，修订至第5.7版。VISA是一个标准化接口，使得仪器控制系统（如数据采集设备）能够在不同的操作系统和编程语言之间无缝通信。该规范的历史版本记录了VISA技术的发展与改进。最初在1995年12月29日发布的1.0版本，包含了从VISA过渡库引入的关键特性，如锁定机制、异步I/O操作、32位寄存器访问、块级数据移动、共享内存操作以及对串行接口的支持。这些改动显著提升了VISA的兼容性和功能性。 1997年1月22日的1.1版本加入了新的属性、错误代码、事件类型以及格式化I/O修饰符，进一步增强了API的灵活性和可扩展性。 2.0版本在1997年12月5日发布，引入了错误处理事件、更多的格式化I/O操作、额外的串行设备特性以及增强的搜索功能。此外，由于所有相关的常量都是无符号值，将ANSI C中的属性和事件常量表示方式从末尾的“L”改为“UL”。在1998年12月4日的2.0.1版本中，为仪器驱动程序添加了新的类型到visatype.h，并增强了viGpibControlREN函数的健壮性。同时，更新了关于如何联系Alliance的信息，以便用户能更好地获取支持和服务。到了1999年11月19日的2.2版本，着重增加了GPIB（General Purpose Interface Bus）的新资源类别，这表明VPP-4.3.2在适应更多硬件平台和设备类型方面取得了进展。 VPP-4.3.2 VISA实施规范对于理解文本语言环境下VISA的结构、功能变迁以及与不同硬件的交互至关重要，是开发和维护仪器控制软件的基础文档。随着技术的发展，后续的修订版可能还涵盖了更高级别的并发处理、网络支持以及对新型硬件的兼容性优化。对于任何从事或研究仪器自动化控制的工程师来说，熟悉并遵循这个规范是至关重要的。

Section 3: VISA Textual Language Bindings Page 3-

VXIplug&play Systems Alliance VPP-4.3.2: VISA Impl. Spec. for Textual Languages

Section 3 VISA Textual Language Bindings

3.1 Type Assignments

Tables 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 give the type assignments for ANSI C and Visual Basic for each type defined in VPP-4.3.

Although ANSI C types can be defined in a header file, Visual Basic types cannot. Table 3.1.1 lists those types that

are both used and exported by direct users of VISA (such as instrument drivers). Table 3.1.2 lists types that may be

used but not exported by such users. For example, end-users would see the types specified in Table 3.1.1 exported

by the instrument driver; however, they would not see the types specified in Table 3.1.2.

Table 3.1.1. Type Assignments for VISA and Instrument Drivers

VISA Data Type

ANSI C Binding

Visual Basic

Binding

Description

ViUInt32

unsigned long

Long

A 32-bit unsigned integer.

ViPUInt32

ViUInt32 *

N/A

The location of a 32-bit unsigned integer.

ViAUInt32

ViUInt32[]

N/A

An array of 32-bit unsigned integers.

ViInt32

signed long

Long

A 32-bit signed integer.

ViPInt32

ViInt32 *

N/A

The location of a 32-bit signed integer.

ViAInt32

ViInt32[]

N/A

An array of 32-bit signed integers.

ViUInt64

Unsigned int64

or u_int64_t

N/A

A 64-bit unsigned integer. The exact type

definition depends on the compiler.

ViPUInt64

ViUInt64 *

N/A

The location of a 64-bit unsigned integer.

ViAUInt64

ViUInt64[]

N/A

An array of 64-bit unsigned integers.

ViInt64

signed int64 or

int64_t

N/A

A 64-bit signed integer. The exact type

definition depends on the compiler.

ViPInt64

ViInt64 *

N/A

The location of a 64-bit signed integer.

ViAInt64

ViInt64[]

N/A

An array of 64-bit signed integers.

ViUInt16

unsigned short

Integer

A 16-bit unsigned integer.

ViPUInt16

ViUInt16 *

N/A

The location of a 16-bit unsigned integer.

ViAUInt16

ViUInt16[]

N/A

An array of 16-bit unsigned integers.

ViInt16

signed short

Integer

A 16-bit signed integer.

ViPInt16

ViInt16 *

N/A

The location of a 16-bit signed integer.

ViAInt16

ViInt16[]

N/A

An array of 16-bit signed integers.

ViUInt8

unsigned char

Integer/

Byte

An 8-bit unsigned integer.

ViPUInt8

ViUInt8 *

N/A

The location of an 8-bit unsigned integer.

ViAUInt8

ViUInt8[]

N/A

An array of 8-bit unsigned integers.

(continues)

Page 3-

Section 3: VISA Textual Language Bindings

VPP-4.3.2: VISA Impl. Spec. for Textual Languages VXIplug&play Systems Alliance

Table 3.1.1. Type Assignments for VISA and Instrument Drivers (Continued)

VISA Data Type

ANSI C Binding

Visual Basic

Binding

Description

ViInt8

signed char

Integer/

Byte

An 8-bit signed integer.

ViPInt8

ViInt8 *

N/A

The location of an 8-bit signed integer.

ViAInt8

ViInt8[]

N/A

An array of 8-bit signed integers.

ViAddr

void *

Long

A type that references another data type, in cases

where the other data type may vary depending

on a particular context.

ViPAddr

ViAddr *

N/A

The location of a ViAddr.

ViAAddr

ViAddr[]

N/A

An array of type ViAddr.

ViChar

char

Integer/

Byte

An 8-bit integer representing an ASCII

character.

ViPChar

ViChar *

N/A

The location of a ViChar.

ViAChar

ViChar[]

N/A

An array of type ViChar.

ViByte

unsigned char

Integer/

Byte

An 8-bit unsigned integer representing an

extended ASCII character.

ViPByte

ViByte *

N/A

The location of a ViByte.

ViAByte

ViByte[]

N/A

An array of type ViByte.

ViBoolean

ViUInt16

Integer

A type for which there are two complementary

values: VI_TRUE and VI_FALSE.

ViPBoolean

ViBoolean *

N/A

The location of a ViBoolean.

ViABoolean

ViBoolean[]

N/A

An array of type ViBoolean.

ViReal32

float

Single

A 32-bit single-precision value.

ViPReal32

ViReal32 *

N/A

The location of a 32-bit single-precision value.

ViAReal32

ViReal32[]

N/A

An array of 32-bit single-precision values.

ViReal64

double

Double

A 64-bit double-precision value.

ViPReal64

ViReal64 *

N/A

The location of a 64-bit double-precision value.

ViAReal64

ViReal64[]

N/A

An array of 64-bit double-precision values.

ViBuf

ViPByte

String

The location of a block of data.

ViPBuf

ViPByte

String

The location to store a block of data.

ViABuf

ViBuf[]

N/A

An array of type ViBuf.

ViString

ViPChar

String

The location of a NULL-terminated ASCII

string.

ViPString

ViPChar

String

The location to store a NULL-terminated ASCII

string.

ViAString

ViString[]

N/A

An array of type ViString.

(continues)

Section 3: VISA Textual Language Bindings Page 3-

VXIplug&play Systems Alliance VPP-4.3.2: VISA Impl. Spec. for Textual Languages

Table 3.1.1. Type Assignments for VISA and Instrument Drivers (Continued)

VISA Data Type

ANSI C Binding

Visual Basic

Binding

Description

ViRsrc

ViString

String

A ViString type that is further restricted to

adhere to the addressing grammar for resources

as presented in Section 3 of VPP-4.3.

ViPRsrc

ViString

String

The location to store a ViRsrc.

ViARsrc

ViRsrc[]

N/A

An array of type ViRsrc.

ViStatus

ViInt32

Long

A defined type that contains values

corresponding to VISA-defined Completion and

Error termination codes.

ViPStatus

ViStatus *

N/A

The location of a ViStatus.

ViAStatus

ViStatus[]

N/A

An array of type ViStatus.

ViVersion

ViUInt32

Long

A defined type that contains a reference to all

information necessary for the architect to

represent the current version of a resource.

ViPVersion

ViVersion *

N/A

The location of a ViVersion.

ViAVersion

ViVersion[]

N/A

An array of type ViVersion.

ViObject

ViUInt32

Long

The most fundamental VISA data type. It

contains attributes and can be closed when no

longer needed.

ViPObject

ViObject *

N/A

The location of a ViObject.

ViAObject

ViObject[]

N/A

An array of type ViObject.

ViSession

ViObject

Long

A defined type that contains a reference to all

information necessary for the architect to

manage a communication channel with a

resource.

ViPSession

ViSession *

N/A

The location of a ViSession.

ViASession

ViSession[]

N/A

An array of type ViSession.

ViAttr

ViUInt32

Long

A type that uniquely identifies an attribute.

ViConstString

const ViChar *

String

A ViString type that is guaranteed to not be

modified by any driver.

OBSERVATION 3.1.1

Table 3.1.1 lists each fundamental data type, a second type that is a reference to the fundamental data type,

and a third type that indicates an array of the fundamental data type. For example, the entry ViUInt32, at

the beginning of Table 3.1.1, is a fundamental data type. Fundamental data types are used for variable

declarations and input parameters. ViPUInt32 is a reference to a ViUInt32, and is used for output

parameters of type ViUInt32. ViAUInt32 is used for both input and output parameters of arrays of type

ViUInt32.

OBSERVATION 3.1.2

In the case of Visual Basic, input parameters are passed by value (ByVal). Output parameters are not

passed by value except for string types. For arrays, the first element of the array should be passed by

reference. For example, to pass an array x, use x(0).

Page 3-

Section 3: VISA Textual Language Bindings

VPP-4.3.2: VISA Impl. Spec. for Textual Languages VXIplug&play Systems Alliance

Table 3.1.2. Type Assignments for VISA Only

VISA Data Type

ANSI C Binding

Visual Basic

Binding

Description

ViAccessMode

ViUInt32

Long

A defined type that specifies the different

mechanisms that control access to a resource.

ViPAccessMode

ViAccessMode *

N/A

The location of a ViAccessMode.

ViBusAddress

ViUInt32 or

ViUInt64

Long or N/A

A type that represents the system-dependent

physical address. This varies on 32-bit and 64-

bit systems.

ViBusAddress64

ViUInt64

N/A

A type that represents a physical address that is

always 64 bits, even on 32-bit systems.

ViPBusAddress

ViBusAddress *

N/A

The location of a ViBusAddress.

ViPBusAddress64

ViBusAddress64 *

N/A

The location of a ViBusAddress64.

ViBusSize

ViUInt32 or

ViUInt64

Long or N/A

A type that represents the system dependent

physical address size. This varies on 32-bit and

64-bit systems.

ViAttrState

ViUInt32 or

ViUInt64

Long or N/A

A value unique to the individual type of an

attribute. This varies on 32-bit and 64-bit

systems.

ViPAttrState

void *

Any

The location of a ViAttrState.

ViVAList

va_list

Any

The location of a list of a variable number of

parameters of differing types.

ViEventType

ViUInt32

Long

A defined type that uniquely identifies the type

of an event.

ViPEventType

ViEventType *

N/A

The location of a ViEventType.

ViAEventType

ViEventType *

N/A

An array of type ViEventType.

ViPAttr

ViAttr *

N/A

The location of a ViAttr.

ViAAttr

ViAttr *

N/A

An array of type ViAttr.

ViEventFilter

ViUInt32

Long

A defined type that specifies filtering masks or

other information unique to an event.

ViFindList

ViObject

Long

A defined type that contains a reference to all

resources found during a search operation.

ViPFindList

ViFindList *

N/A

The location of a ViFindList.

ViEvent

ViObject

Long

A defined type that encapsulates the information

necessary to process an event.

ViPEvent

ViEvent *

N/A

The location of a ViEvent.

ViKeyId

ViString

String

A defined type that contains a reference to all

information necessary for the architect to

manage the association of a thread or process

and session with a lock on a resource.

(continues)

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