XEN系统管理员实践指南

THE+BOOK+of+XEN+2010

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"XEN 2010 实践指南，由Chris Takemura和Luke S. Crawford撰写，是系统管理员的必备读物。本书详细介绍了XEN虚拟化技术的使用方法。" 《XEN 2010》是针对系统管理员的一本实践指南，由作者Chris Takemura和Luke S. Crawford合力编写。这本书详细阐述了XEN虚拟化平台的各个方面，旨在帮助读者深入理解和有效地管理XEN环境。 XEN是一款开源的虚拟化技术，它允许在单个物理服务器上运行多个独立的操作系统实例，即虚拟机。该技术的核心特性包括全虚拟化（Full Virtualization）和半虚拟化（Para-Virtualization）。全虚拟化允许未经修改的操作系统在虚拟环境中运行，而半虚拟化则需要对操作系统进行一些修改，以提高性能和效率。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **XEN架构**：介绍XEN的组件，如Dom0（控制域）和DomU（客户域），以及它们如何交互以实现虚拟化。 2. **安装与配置**：详述如何安装XEN hypervisor，并配置网络、存储和资源分配，以创建和管理虚拟机。 3. **虚拟机管理**：讨论如何创建、启动、停止、迁移和监控虚拟机，以及处理故障恢复和备份策略。 4. **性能优化**：提供技巧和最佳实践，以提高XEN环境的性能，包括内存管理、CPU调度和I/O处理。 5. **网络虚拟化**：解释XEN如何实现虚拟网络，包括桥接、路由和网络地址转换（NAT）设置。 6. **存储管理**：涵盖块设备驱动和存储后端，如本地磁盘、网络连接存储（NAS）和存储区域网络（SAN）的集成。 7. **安全考虑**：讨论虚拟化环境中的安全措施，如隔离、访问控制和防火墙策略。 8. **高可用性（HA）与灾难恢复**：介绍如何构建高可用性集群，以及如何规划和执行灾难恢复计划。 9. **自动化工具**：可能会提到XEN与其他管理工具（如XenServer、libvirt、OpenStack等）的集成，以及自动化脚本的编写。 10. **案例研究与应用**：通过实际场景来展示XEN在数据中心、云计算服务和企业环境中的应用。此书对于想要深入了解和操作XEN虚拟化平台的系统管理员来说，是一份宝贵的参考资料。通过阅读，读者可以掌握管理和维护高效、安全的XEN环境所需的技能。

xiv Contents in Detail

TROUBLESHOOTING 219

Troubleshooting Phase 1: Error Messages ............................................................... 220

Errors at Dom0 Boot ................................................................................ 220

DomU Preboot Errors ............................................................................... 222

Creating Domains in Low-Memory Conditions ............................................. 222

Configuring Devices in the DomU .............................................................. 223

Troubleshooting Disks .............................................................................. 223

VM Restarting Too Fast ............................................................................ 224

Troubleshooting Xen’s Networking ......................................................................... 225

The DomU Interface Number Increments with Every Reboot .......................... 227

iptables .................................................................................................. 227

Memory Issues ..................................................................................................... 228

Other Messages ................................................................................................... 228

A Constant Stream of 4GiB seg fixup Messages .......................................... 230

The Importance of Disk Drivers (initrd Problems) .......................................... 230

XenStore ................................................................................................ 231

Xen’s Logs ........................................................................................................... 232

dmesg and xm dmesg .............................................................................. 232

Logs and What Xen Writes to Them ........................................................... 232

Applying the Debugger ......................................................................................... 234

Xen’s Backend Architecture: Making Sense of the Debug Information ............ 234

Domain Stays in Blocked State .................................................................. 235

Debugging Hotplug ................................................................................. 236

strace .................................................................................................... 237

Python Path Issues ................................................................................................ 238

Mysterious Lockups .................................................................................. 238

Kernel Parameters: A Safe Mode .............................................................. 239

Getting Help ........................................................................................................ 239

Mailing Lists ........................................................................................... 239

The Xen Wiki .......................................................................................... 240

The Xen IRC Channel ............................................................................... 240

Bugzilla ................................................................................................. 240

Your Distro Vendor .................................................................................. 240

xen-bugtool ............................................................................................ 240

Some Last Words of Encouragement ....................................................................... 241

XM REFERENCE 243

xm’s Syntax ......................................................................................................... 244

xm Subcommands ................................................................................................ 244

THE STRUCTURE OF THE XEN CONFIG FILE 251

List of Directives ................................................................................................... 253

HVM Directives ....................................................................................... 258

Device Model Options ............................................................................. 260

INDEX 263

xvi Foreword

Whenever I do need separation of privilege on the same physical servers,

I’ve been able to get away with FreeBSD jails or User Mode Linux. I also do

a fair amount of real-time work, in which I need my code to be close to the

hardware for design—and sometimes performance—reasons.

For professional work, my company uses a mixture of proprietary

(VMware) and open source (Xen) virtualization and the results are out-

standing. Whether it’s to save money on hardware, save money on sysadmin

time, or enable new kinds of computing, virtualization is a winner and it’s

here to stay. I’ve seen Amazon and Google build gigantic clouds of virtualized

servers for their own use and for rental to customers, and this method has

driven down IT costs for both new and established companies of all sizes. It

probably saves power and lowers the industry’s carbon footprint as well.

I’m struggling to find a way to communicate how amazingly cool this is.

We try to write programs that fit into a single process, but they end up taking

a whole Unix system because of all the processes and databases and shell

scripts and file systems and UIDs they slop over. So we end up dedicating

physical servers to applications that have no performance- or security-related

reason to be on dedicated servers; but each one takes up some rack space

and some sysadmin time, and each one generates some minimum amount of

heat, and so on. Then along comes virtualization, and we’re back to adding

physical servers only when we’ve got a good reason to do so, which usually

means for capacity reasons.

Note that while I admire cloud computing, I also fear it. Amazon and

Google have their own virtualization APIs, and anyone who builds “version 1”

of a system to live inside one of these commercial clouds is probably signing

up to put “version 2” into the same cloud. Competition requires differentia-

tion and most vendors want to be different in capability, not just in cost

efficiency. In other words, lock-in is great for sellers but not so great for

buyers. Thus my attraction to enterprise virtualization—and specifically to

open source enterprise virtualization, with the resulting vertically open

ecosystem. I’ll build my own clouds whenever I need them—and with Xen,

so can you.

A word about Luke. He was a kid who lived down the street from my

sister, and she asked me to give him a chance. So I hired him at an anti-spam

company called MAPS (yes, that’s spam spelled backwards, pretty neat,

huh?), and he turned out to be a dumbass kid, like we all were at that age.

In the time since then, he has distinguished himself as a virtualizer and now,

with this book, as a writer. Xen is cool stuff, but it’s also deep and wide and

dense—that is to say, it’s a hard topic. Luke and Chris have unscrambled Xen

into the linear form of a printed book in about the best way I can imagine

anybody doing it, and I learned quite a bit about Xen from reading my

advance copy. The book is also fun to read without the fun being distracting

or dilutive.

Go forth and virtualize!

Paul Vixie

La Honda, California

September 2009

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