Debian管理员手册：Linux系统管理宝典

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"《The Debian Administrator’s Handbook》是由 Debian 资深开发者 Raphaël Hertzog 和 Roland Mas 共同编写的书籍，详细介绍了 Debian GNU/Linux 的使用和管理。这本书涵盖了 Debian 的安装、系统维护、软件包管理、内核配置、系统监控、数据备份与迁移，以及 Xen、KVM 和 LXC 等虚拟化技术的运用。该书最初以法语出版，随后被翻译成英语，并根据 GPL-2+ / CC-BY-SA 3.0 许可协议发布，确保了其开源和自由分享的性质。书中提供的内容基于 Debian 8 版本，是 Debian 系统管理员和爱好者的宝贵参考资料。" 在《The Debian Administrator’s Handbook》中，你可以学到以下核心知识点： 1. **Debian 安装**: 包括准备硬件环境、选择合适的安装媒介、分区策略、网络配置以及初始用户和系统的设置。 2. **系统更新与维护**: 如何使用 `apt` 和 `apt-get` 工具进行软件包的更新和管理，处理依赖问题，以及如何应用安全更新。 3. **软件包管理**: 学习如何创建、打包和维护 Debian 软件包，理解 `.deb` 文件结构，以及使用 `dpkg` 和 `dpkg-buildpackage` 命令。 4. **内核编译**: 这包括了解内核版本、选择内核模块、配置内核选项、编译和安装自定义内核。 5. **系统监控**: 通过监控工具如 `syslog`, `dstat`, `top`, `iotop`, `iftop` 等了解系统性能，及时发现和解决性能瓶颈。 6. **备份与迁移**: 学习如何制定备份策略，使用工具如 `rsync`, `tar`, `dd` 进行数据备份，以及如何在不同硬件或系统之间迁移数据。 7. **虚拟化技术**: 深入理解 Xen、KVM 和 LXC 的工作原理，学习如何安装和配置这些虚拟化环境，以及如何在这些环境中创建和管理虚拟机。 8. **故障排查与问题解决**: 掌握日志分析技巧，理解错误信息，以及如何有效地利用社区资源解决问题。 9. **安全性**: 学习如何设置防火墙规则，使用 `ufw` 或 `iptables`，以及如何实施基本的安全实践以保护系统免受攻击。 10. **系统服务管理**: 了解如何配置和管理关键服务，如 DNS、DHCP、NTP、Samba、Apache 等，确保服务的稳定运行。此书不仅适用于 Debian 新手，也适合经验丰富的管理员，它提供了一套全面的指南，帮助读者深入理解和有效管理 Debian 系统。通过阅读这本书，你将能够掌握 Debian 的核心概念和技术，提升你在 Linux 环境中的技能。

Preface

Debian is a very successful operating system, which is pervasive in our digital lives more than

people often imagine or are aware of. A few data points will suffice to make this clear. At the

time of writing Debian is the most popular GNU/Linux variant among web servers: according

to W3Techs

, more than 10% of the web is Debian-powered. Think about it: how many web sites

would have you missed today without Debian? Onto more fascinating deployments, Debian is

the operating system of choice on the International Space Station. Have you been following

the work of ISS astronauts, maybe via the social network presence of NASA or other interna-

tional organizations? Both the work in itself and the posts about it have been made possible by

Debian. Countless companies, universities, and public administrations rely on Debian daily for

their operations, delivering services to millions of users around the world... and its orbit!

But Debian is much more than an operating system, no matter how complex, featureful, and

reliable such a system could be. Debian is a vision of the freedoms that people should enjoy in

a world where more and more of our daily activities depend on software. Debian is born from

the cardinal Free Software idea that people should be in control of their computers, and not the

other way around. People with enough software knowledge should be able to dismantle, modify,

reassemble and share with others all the software that matters to them. It doesn’t matter if

the software is used for frivolous activities like posting pictures of kittens on the Web, or for

potentially life-threatening tasks such as driving our cars and powering the medical devices

which cure us — and Debian is used in all of the above scenarios; you should control it. People

without in-depth software knowledge should enjoy those freedoms too: they should be able to

delegate to people of their choice, people they trust, the audit or modification of software-based

devices on their behalf.

In the quest for the control of people over machines, Free operating systems play a fundamental

role: you cannot be in full control of a computer device if you do not control its operating system.

This is where Debian’s main ambition comes from: producing the best, entirely Free operating

system. For more than 20 years now, Debian has both developed a Free operating system and

promoted a vision of Free Software around it. In so doing, Debian has set a very high bar for soft-

ware freedom advocates around the world. Debian’s decisions on matters of software licensing,

for example, are routinely looked to by international standard organizations, governments, and

other Free Software projects, when deciding if something should be considered “free enough”

or not.

http://w3techs.com/

But this political vision is not yet enough to explain Debian’s uniqueness. Debian is also a

very peculiar social experiment, strongly attached to its independence. Think for a moment of

other mainstream Free Software distributions, or even of popular proprietary operating systems.

Chances are that you can associate each of them with a large company that is either the main de-

velopment force behind the project, or at the very least the steward of all its non-development

activities. Debian is different. Within the Debian Project volunteers pack on themselves the

responsibilities of all the activities that are needed to keep Debian alive and kicking. The vari-

ety of those activities is stunning: from translations to system administration, from marketing

to management, from conference organization to artwork design, from bookkeeping to legal

issues... not to mention software packaging and development! Debian contributors take care of

all of these.

As a first consequence of this radical form of independence, Debian needs and relies on a very

diverse community of volunteers. Any skill in any of the above areas, or others you can imagine,

can be invested into Debian and will be used to improve the project. A second consequence of

Debian independence is that Debian’s choices can be trusted not to be driven by the commercial

interests of specificcompanies—interests that we have no guarantee will always be aligned with

the goal of promoting people’s control over machines, as too many recent examples in the tech

news testify.

One last aspect contributes to Debian’s uniqueness: the way in which the social experiment is

run. Despite the folklore of being bureaucratic, decision making in Debian is in fact highly dis-

tributed. There exist clearly defined areas of responsibility within the project. People in charge

of those areas are free to drive their own boat. As long as they keep up with the quality re-

quirements agreed upon by the community, no one can tell them what to do or how to do their

job. If you want to have a say on how something is done in Debian, you need to put yourself

on the line and be ready to take the job on your shoulders. This peculiar form of meritocracy —

which we sometimes call do-ocracy — is very empowering for contributors. Anyone with enough

skills, time, and motivation can have a real impact on the direction the project is taking. This is

testified by a population of about 1 000 official members of the Debian Project, and several thou-

sands of contributors world-wide. It is no wonder that Debian is often credited as the largest

community-driven Free Software project in existence.

So Debian is quite unique. Are we the only ones noticing this? Definitely not. According to

DistroWatch

there are about 300 active Free Software distributions around. Half of that (about

140) are Debian derivatives. That means that they start from Debian, adapt it to fit the needs of

their users — usually by adding, modifying, and rebuilding packages — and release the resulting

product. In essence, derivatives apply the Free Software granted freedoms of modifying and

redistributing copies not only to individual pieces of software, but to a distribution as a whole.

The potential of reaching out to new Free Software users and contributors by the means of

derivative distributions is huge. We believe that it is mainly thanks to that thriving ecosystem

that Free Software is nowadays finally rivaling with proprietary software in fields which were

historically considered hard to conquer, such as large desktop deployments. Debian sits at the

root of the largest ecosystem of Free Software distributions in existence: even if you are not

http://distrowatch.com/

XVIII

The Debian Administrator’s Handbook

using Debian directly, and even if your distributor has not told you, chances are that you are

benefiting right now from the work of the Debian community.

But Debian’s uniqueness sometimes comes with unexpected consequences. A consequence of

Debian’s vision on digital freedoms has been the need of redefining what we mean by software.

The Debian Project has since long realized that, as part of an operating system, you need to

distribute a lot of non-software material: music, images, documentation, raw data, firmware,

etc. But how do you apply software freedoms to that material? Should we have different re-

quirements or should all material be held up to the same high standard of freedom? The Debian

Project has decided for the latter: all material shipped as part of Debian should offer the same

freedoms to its users. Such a radical philosophical position has far reaching effects. It means we

cannot distribute non-free firmware, or artwork not meant to be used in commercial settings,

or books that cannot be modified in order to avoid tarnishing (as book publishers folklore goes)

the author’s/publisher’s reputation.

The book you have in your hands is different. It’s a free as in freedom book, a book which is up to

Debian freedom standards for every aspect of your digital life. For a very long time, the scarce

availability of books like this one has been a significant shortcoming of Debian. It meant that

there was little reading material that helped to spread Debian and its values, while at the same

time embodying those values and showing off their advantages. But it also meant, ironically,

that we had little such material that we could distribute as part of Debian itself. This is the

first reputable book to address this shortcoming. You can apt install this book, you can re-

distribute it, you can fork this book or, better, submit bug reports and patches for it, so that

others in the future can benefit from your contributions. The “maintainers” of this book — who

are also its authors — are longstanding members of the Debian Project, who grok the freedom

ethos that permeates every aspect of Debian and know first-hand what it means to take on the

responsibility for important parts of Debian. By releasing this Free book they are doing, once

more, such a wonderful service to the Debian community.

We hope you will enjoy this cornerstone of Debian reading Freedom as much as we did.

October 2015

Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian Project Leader 2010-2013), Lucas Nussbaum (Debian Project Leader

2013-2015) and Neil McGovern (Debian Project Leader 2015-incumbent)

XIX

Preface

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