2007 Ferretti InSAR干涉测量处理与解释指南

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《Ferretti-2007-InSAR原则》是一份由欧洲航天局(ESA)出版的重要指南，专门针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)干涉测量法(Interferometry)的处理与解释提供了详尽的指导。这份TM-19文档由来自意大利米兰理工大学的Alessandro Ferretti、Andrea Monti-Guarnieri、Claudio Prati和Fabio Rocca，以及法国空间研究中心(CNES)的Didier Massonnet共同编写，并在2007年2月发布。Juerg Lichtenegger负责技术协调，而Karen Fletcher担任编辑。该手册的目的是为了帮助用户理解和应用InSAR技术，这是一种利用多个SAR图像对之间的相位差来获取地表形变信息的强大工具。InSAR原则包含了以下几个关键部分： 1. **Part A: Interferometric SAR图像处理和解释** - 这部分详细阐述了如何从原始SAR数据中提取干涉相位，包括数据预处理、辐射校正、相干性分析、干涉图生成等步骤。读者可以了解到不同数据类型（如C波段、X波段等）对处理的影响，以及如何处理大气延迟和其他系统误差。 2. **干涉条纹分析** - 介绍如何解析干涉条纹特征，如干涉相位变化、基线解算、干涉条纹解缠绕等技术，这些对于识别地壳运动、地面沉降、火山活动或气候变化等现象至关重要。 3. **误差来源与减小** - 提供了关于各种可能影响InSAR精度的误差源的讨论，如大气湍流、仪器噪声、地形复杂性，以及如何通过先进的方法和技术减少这些误差。 4. **案例研究和应用示例** - 书中包含实际的InSAR应用实例，展示了如何将理论知识应用于解决地质、环境和工程问题，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握InSAR技术的实际操作。 5. **软件工具和平台** - 对于常用的InSAR处理软件，如ERS (Envisat SAR Interferometry Processor)、ASCAT (Advanced Scatterometer for Climate Assessment and Tropospheric Monitoring)和 Sentinel-1等，进行了简要介绍，以及它们在InSAR工作流程中的角色。 6. **伦理和法规** - 讨论了InSAR数据使用的伦理准则和法律法规，确保科学活动的透明度和合规性。《Ferretti-2007-InSAR原则》是一份既实用又权威的参考文献，适合从事遥感、地理信息系统、地球观测和地震学等相关领域的研究人员和专业人士使用。通过深入学习和实践，读者能够提高对SAR干涉测量法的理解和应用能力，从而推动地表变形监测和科学研究的发展。

TM-19 _________________________________________________________________________ InSAR Principles

A-8

1.2.2.2 The phase SAR image

The radiation transmitted from the radar has to reach the scatterers on the

ground and then come back to the radar in order to form the SAR image

(two-way travel). Scatterers at different distances from the radar (different

slant ranges) introduce different delays between transmission and reception

of the radiation.

Due to the almost purely sinusoidal nature of the transmitted signal, this

delay

is equivalent to a phase change

between transmitted and received

signals. The phase change is thus proportional to the two-way travel distance

2R of the radiation divided by the transmitted wavelength

. This concept is

illustrated in Figure 1-5.

Figure 1-5: A sinusoidal function sin

is periodic with a 2

radian period. In the

case of a relative narrow-band SAR (i.e. ERS and Envisat), the transmitted signal

can be assimilated, as a first approximation, to a pure sinusoid whose angle or

phase φ has the following linear dependence on the slant range coordinate r:

φ = 2

r/λ (where λ is the SAR wavelength). Thus, assuming that the phase of the

transmitted signal is zero, the received signal that covers the distance 2R travelling

from the satellite to the target and back, shows a phase φ = 4

radians.

However, due to the periodic nature of the signal, travel distances that differ

by an integer multiple of the wavelength introduce exactly the same phase

change. In other words the phase of the SAR signal is a measure of just the

last fraction of the two-way travel distance that is smaller than the

transmitted wavelength.

In practice, due to the huge ratio between the resolution cell dimension (of

the order of a few metres) and wavelength (~5.6 cm for ERS), the phase

change passing from one pixel to another within a single SAR image looks

random and is of no practical utility.

___________________________________________________________________Synthetic Aperture Radar basics

A-11

1.2.3 SAR resolution cell projection on the ground

The terrain area imaged in each SAR resolution cell (called the ground

resolution cell) depends on the local topography. It strongly depends on the

terrain slope in the plane perpendicular to the orbit (ground range direction),

and on the terrain slope in the azimuth direction.

The dimension of the ground resolution cell in azimuth is related to that of

the SAR resolution cell by the usual perspective deformation we experience

every day looking at surfaces from different angles (e.g. a postcard seen at

90 degrees is a line).

The dimension of the ground resolution cell in range is related to that of the

SAR resolution cell by an unusual perspective deformation. Figure 1-9

shows how slant-range is projected onto the ground.

Here five identical slant-range resolution

cells are shown. The first two cells

correspond to flat terrain and they contain

three triangles each. The third cell contains

seven of these triangles due to the positive

slope of the terrain. Finally the fourth and

fifth cells contain less than three triangles

due to the negative slope of the terrain.

Figure 1-9: Effect of terrain on the SAR image. For SAR resolution cells in the

plane perpendicular to the orbit, the part of the terrain imaged in each resolution

cell clearly depends on the topography.

As the terrain slope increases with respect to a flat horizontal surface (i.e. as

the normal to the terrain moves toward the line of sight (LOS)), the ground

resolution cell dimension in range increases. This effect is called

foreshortening. When the terrain slope is close to the radar off-nadir angle,

the cell dimension becomes very large and all the details are lost. Moreover,

when the terrain slope exceeds the radar off-nadir angle the scatterers are

imaged in reverse order and superimposed on the contribution coming from

other areas. This effect is called layover, and is sketched in Figure 1-10.

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