AR/VR/MR头显光学架构深度解析

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xvi Acronyms

LED Light-emitting diode

LSR Late-stage reprojection

LTPS Low-temperature poly-silicon (display)

M&A Mergers and acquisitions

MEMS Micro-electro-mechanical systems

MLA Micro-lens array

MR Mixed reality

MTF Modulation transfer function

MTP Motion-to-photon (latency)

mu-OLED Micro-OLED (panel) on silicon backplane

NTE Near-to-eye (display)

OLCD Organic liquid crystal display

OLED Organic LED (panel)

OST-HMD Optical see-through HMD

PDLC Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

PPD Pixels per degree

PPI Pixels per inch

QLCD Quantum-dot liquid crystal display

RCWA Rigorous coupled wave analysis

ROI Return on investment

RSD Retinal scanning display

SLAM Simultaneous location and mapping

SLED Super-luminescent emitting diode

UWB Ultra-wide-band (chip)

VAC Vergence–accommodation conflict

VCSEL Vertical cavity surface emitting laser

VD Vertex distance

VLSI Very-large-scale integration

VR Virtual reality

VRD Virtual retinal display

VST-HMD Video see-through (HMD)

XR Extended reality

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Defense was the first application sector for augmented reality (AR) and

virtual reality (VR), as far back as the 1950s.

Based on such early

developments, the first consumer AR/VR boom expanded in the early

1990s and contracted considerably throughout that decade, a poster

child of a technology ahead of its time and also ahead of its markets.

However, due to the lack of available consumer display technologies

and related sensors, novel optical display concepts were introduced

throughout the 90s

3,4

that are still considered as state of the art, such as

the “Private Eye” smart glass from Reflection Technology (1989) and

the “Virtual Boy” from Nintendo (1995)—both based on scanning

displays rather than flat-panel displays. Although such display

technologies were well ahead of their time,

5–7

the lack of consumer-

grade IMU sensors, low-power 3D-rendering GPUs, and wireless data

transfer technologies contributed to the end of this first VR boom. The

other reason was the lack of digital content, or rather the lack of a clear

vision of adapted AR/VR content for enterprise or consumer spaces.

8,9

The only AR/VR sector that saw sustained efforts and

developments throughout the next decade was the defense industry

(flight simulation and training, helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) for

rotary-wing aircrafts, and head-up displays (HUDs) for fixed-wing

aircrafts).

The only effective consumer efforts during the 2000s was

in the field of automotive HUDs and personal binocular headset video

players.

Today’s engineers, exposed at an early age to ever-present flat-

panel display technologies, tend to act as creatures of habit much more

than their peers 20 years ago, who had to invent novel immersive

display technologies from scratch. We have therefore seen since 2012

the initial implementations of immersive AR/VR HMDs based on

readily available smartphone display panels (LTPS-LCD, IPS-LCD,

AMOLED) and pico-projector micro-display panels (HTPS-LCD, mu-

OLED, DLP, LCoS), IMUs, and camera and depth map sensors

(structured light or time of flight (TOF)). Currently, HMD architectures

are evolving slowly to more specific technologies, which might be a

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4 Chapter 1

Word of Caution for the Rigorous Optical Engineer

With new naming conventions also come various abuses of language,

especially when the newly established and highly hyped field is driven

on the consumer mainstage by tech reviewers (online tech reviews,

general consumer newscasts, tech market analyst reports, tech

innovation talks and panels, various social media, etc.), aggressive

start-up marketing teams, and various MR content developers, rather

than HMD hardware engineers. The following are common offenders:

- The term “hologram” might refer to a simple fixed-focus

stereo image.

- The term “light field display” might refer to any attempt, no

matter how basic it might be, to solve the vergence–

accommodation conflict (VAC).

- The term “waveguide” might be used to refer to optical

“lightguides” with a very high number of propagating modes,

as in many optical combiners today.

- The term “achromatic” applied to gratings, holograms, or

metasurfaces might refer to optical elements that do not show

any parasitic dispersion within the limits of human visual

acuity but might still be intrinsically highly dispersive.

As a legal precedent might provide new legal grounds in the

judiciary field, a widespread naming precedent in a hyped technical

field might also provide a new general meaning to a technical term.

This is especially true in the online tech review and social media

scenes, where new naming grounds might be adopted widely and

quickly by the technical as well as non-technical public.

Although these are abuses of language in the rigorous optical

realm, they are now widely accepted within the XR community, of

which optical engineers form a minority (but a very necessary

minority). This book uses these same naming conventions to be

compatible with the terminology of the more general XR community.

Note that the term MR has also had its share of controversy in the

past years, referring alternatively to an OST-AR headset or a VST-VR

headset. It is now commonly accepted that both can be called MR

headsets, provided that all the required sensors are included (spatial

mapping, gesture sensors, and gaze trackers). The differences between

OST and VST headsets are narrowing as the underlying optical

technology and optical architectures advance, as will be discussed later.

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