refman-8.0-en.a4-MySQL8.0英文版手册.pdf

MySQL

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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual

Including MySQL NDB Cluster 8.0

iii

Table of Contents

Preface and Legal Notices ....................................................................................................... xxvii

1 General Information ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 About This Manual .......................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Typographical and Syntax Conventions ........................................................................... 2

1.3 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System ................................................... 4

1.3.1 What is MySQL? .................................................................................................. 4

1.3.2 The Main Features of MySQL ............................................................................... 5

1.3.3 History of MySQL ................................................................................................. 8

1.4 What Is New in MySQL 8.0 ............................................................................................. 8

1.5 Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL

8.0 ...................................................................................................................................... 32

1.6 MySQL Information Sources .......................................................................................... 46

1.6.1 MySQL Websites ............................................................................................... 46

1.6.2 MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums .............................................. 46

1.6.3 MySQL Enterprise .............................................................................................. 47

1.7 How to Report Bugs or Problems .................................................................................. 47

1.8 MySQL Standards Compliance ...................................................................................... 51

1.8.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL ................................................................... 52

1.8.2 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL .............................................................. 55

1.8.3 How MySQL Deals with Constraints .................................................................... 57

1.9 Credits .......................................................................................................................... 60

1.9.1 Contributors to MySQL ....................................................................................... 60

1.9.2 Documenters and translators .............................................................................. 64

1.9.3 Packages that support MySQL ............................................................................ 65

1.9.4 Tools that were used to create MySQL ............................................................... 66

1.9.5 Supporters of MySQL ......................................................................................... 66

2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL .............................................................................................. 69

2.1 General Installation Guidance ........................................................................................ 71

2.1.1 Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install .................................................. 72

2.1.2 How to Get MySQL ............................................................................................ 73

2.1.3 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG .............................. 73

2.1.4 Installation Layouts ............................................................................................. 86

2.1.5 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics ................................................................ 86

2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries .................................................. 86

2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows ......................................................................... 89

2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows ................................................ 92

2.3.2 Choosing an Installation Package ....................................................................... 92

2.3.3 MySQL Installer for Windows .............................................................................. 94

2.3.4 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall ZIP Archive ............ 117

2.3.5 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation ........................ 126

2.3.6 Windows Postinstallation Procedures ................................................................ 127

2.4 Installing MySQL on macOS ........................................................................................ 129

2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS .................................................. 130

2.4.2 Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages .......................................... 131

2.4.3 Installing and Using the MySQL Launch Daemon ............................................... 134

2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane .............................................. 137

2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux ........................................................................................... 141

2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository ............................. 142

2.5.2 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository ............................. 146

2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL SLES Repository ........................... 146

2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle ............................. 147

2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle .......................... 151

2.5.6 Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker ............................................................ 153

2.5.7 Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories ........................ 163

2.5.8 Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju .................................................................. 166

MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual

2.5.9 Managing MySQL Server with systemd ............................................................. 166

2.6 Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN) ........................................... 171

2.7 Installing MySQL on Solaris ......................................................................................... 172

2.7.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG .............................................. 173

2.8 Installing MySQL on FreeBSD ..................................................................................... 174

2.9 Installing MySQL from Source ..................................................................................... 174

2.9.1 Source Installation Methods .............................................................................. 175

2.9.2 Source Installation Prerequisites ....................................................................... 175

2.9.3 MySQL Layout for Source Installation ................................................................ 177

2.9.4 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution ...................................... 177

2.9.5 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree .......................................... 181

2.9.6 Configuring SSL Library Support ....................................................................... 183

2.9.7 MySQL Source-Configuration Options ............................................................... 184

2.9.8 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL .......................................................... 208

2.9.9 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools ...................................................... 210

2.9.10 Generating MySQL Doxygen Documentation Content ....................................... 210

2.10 Postinstallation Setup and Testing ............................................................................. 211

2.10.1 Initializing the Data Directory ........................................................................... 212

2.10.2 Starting the Server ......................................................................................... 217

2.10.3 Testing the Server .......................................................................................... 220

2.10.4 Securing the Initial MySQL Account ................................................................. 222

2.10.5 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically .................................................... 224

2.11 Upgrading MySQL ..................................................................................................... 225

2.11.1 Before You Begin ........................................................................................... 225

2.11.2 Upgrade Paths ............................................................................................... 226

2.11.3 What the MySQL Upgrade Process Upgrades .................................................. 226

2.11.4 Changes in MySQL 8.0 ................................................................................... 230

2.11.5 Preparing Your Installation for Upgrade ........................................................... 240

2.11.6 Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux ............ 242

2.11.7 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository ......................................... 247

2.11.8 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository ......................................... 249

2.11.9 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository ....................................... 249

2.11.10 Upgrading MySQL on Windows ..................................................................... 249

2.11.11 Upgrading a Docker Installation of MySQL ..................................................... 251

2.11.12 Upgrade Troubleshooting .............................................................................. 251

2.11.13 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes ..................................................... 251

2.11.14 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine ............................................ 253

2.12 Downgrading MySQL ................................................................................................. 254

2.13 Perl Installation Notes ................................................................................................ 254

2.13.1 Installing Perl on Unix ..................................................................................... 254

2.13.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows ............................................................ 255

2.13.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface ..................................................... 256

3 Tutorial .................................................................................................................................. 257

3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server ......................................................... 257

3.2 Entering Queries ......................................................................................................... 258

3.3 Creating and Using a Database ................................................................................... 261

3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database ................................................................... 262

3.3.2 Creating a Table .............................................................................................. 263

3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table ................................................................................ 264

3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table ................................................................... 266

3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables ......................................................... 279

3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode ......................................................................................... 280

3.6 Examples of Common Queries .................................................................................... 281

3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column .................................................................... 282

3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column .......................................... 282

3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group ........................................................................ 283

3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column ....................... 283

3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables ........................................................................... 284

MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual

3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys .......................................................................................... 284

3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys .................................................................................... 286

3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day ................................................................................. 286

3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT ............................................................................... 287

3.7 Using MySQL with Apache .......................................................................................... 289

4 MySQL Programs .................................................................................................................. 291

4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs ..................................................................................... 292

4.2 Using MySQL Programs .............................................................................................. 295

4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs ............................................................................... 295

4.2.2 Specifying Program Options .............................................................................. 296

4.2.3 Command Options for Connecting to the Server ................................................ 310

4.2.4 Connecting to the MySQL Server Using Command Options ................................ 318

4.2.5 Connecting to the Server Using URI-Like Strings or Key-Value Pairs ................... 320

4.2.6 Connection Compression Control ...................................................................... 326

4.2.7 Setting Environment Variables .......................................................................... 330

4.3 MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs ............................................................... 331

4.3.1 mysqld — The MySQL Server ......................................................................... 331

4.3.2 mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script ................................................. 331

4.3.3 mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script ............................................... 337

4.3.4 mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers ......................................... 340

4.4 MySQL Installation-Related Programs .......................................................................... 343

4.4.1 comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File ............................................ 343

4.4.2 mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security ........... 344

4.4.3 mysql_ssl_rsa_setup — Create SSL/RSA Files ........................................... 348

4.4.4 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables ................................... 350

4.4.5 mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables ................................... 351

4.5 MySQL Client Programs .............................................................................................. 360

4.5.1 mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Client ..................................................... 360

4.5.2 mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server .................................. 388

4.5.3 mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program ................................................. 398

4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program ..................................................... 408

4.5.5 mysqlimport — A Data Import Program ......................................................... 431

4.5.6 mysqlpump — A Database Backup Program ..................................................... 440

4.5.7 mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information ...................... 456

4.5.8 mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client ............................................................... 463

4.6 MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs .................................................................. 473

4.6.1 ibd2sdi — InnoDB Tablespace SDI Extraction Utility ....................................... 473

4.6.2 innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility .................................... 477

4.6.3 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information ..................................... 482

4.6.4 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility ............................................. 483

4.6.5 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents ............................................ 499

4.6.6 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables .................. 500

4.6.7 mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility ................................... 506

4.6.8 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files ..................................... 512

4.6.9 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files ...................................... 535

4.7 MySQL Program Development Utilities ......................................................................... 537

4.7.1 mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients ................................... 538

4.7.2 my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files .............................. 539

4.8 Miscellaneous Programs .............................................................................................. 540

4.8.1 lz4_decompress — Decompress mysqlpump LZ4-Compressed Output ............ 540

4.8.2 perror — Display MySQL Error Message Information ....................................... 541

4.8.3 zlib_decompress — Decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-Compressed Output ......... 541

4.9 MySQL Environment Variables .................................................................................... 542

5 MySQL Server Administration ................................................................................................. 545

5.1 The MySQL Server ..................................................................................................... 546

5.1.1 Configuring the Server ...................................................................................... 546

5.1.2 Server Configuration Defaults ........................................................................... 547

5.1.3 Server Configuration Validation ......................................................................... 548

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