精通C# 7与.NET和.NET Core 2017版

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"Pro C# 7 With .NET and .NET Core 2017 edition" 本书《Pro C# 7 With .NET and .NET Core》是第八版，由Andrew Troelsen和Philip Japikse共同撰写，是针对C#编程语言、.NET框架以及.NET Core平台的一本权威指南。它特别针对Visual Studio 2017进行了更新，是学习C#语言的理想教材。在C# 7中，有几个关键的更新和改进，这些内容在书中会有深入的探讨。例如，C# 7引入了模式匹配，使得代码更加简洁和可读。模式匹配允许程序员在条件语句或解构赋值中检查对象的类型或结构。此外，还添加了本地异步方法（local function）、引用透明性（reference transparency）以及out变量声明等新特性，这些都提高了代码的灵活性和效率。 .NET Core是微软推出的一个跨平台的开发框架，支持Windows、Linux和macOS。这本书会介绍如何使用.NET Core进行开发，包括项目创建、依赖管理、发布和部署等方面。.NET Core的一个重要特点是模块化，这使得开发者可以只选择需要的库，从而减小应用程序的体积。同时，.NET Core支持容器化部署，与Docker的集成使得部署更加简单。书中还将详细讲解C#中的面向对象编程概念，如类、对象、接口、继承、多态等，以及如何利用这些概念来设计和实现复杂的应用程序。此外，还会涵盖泛型、委托、事件、异常处理、LINQ（Language Integrated Query）以及异步编程等高级主题。对于.NET框架，本书将讨论其核心组件，如Common Language Runtime (CLR)、Assembly、GAC（全局程序集缓存）以及垃圾回收机制。同时，也会介绍如何使用ASP.NET Core构建Web应用，包括MVC（Model-View-Controller）架构和Web API。在实际开发中，测试和调试是不可或缺的部分。书中的内容可能包括单元测试、集成测试和调试工具的使用，帮助读者提高代码质量和找出潜在问题。最后，作者可能会分享一些最佳实践和设计模式，如工厂模式、单例模式、装饰器模式等，这些都是软件工程中的重要概念，有助于编写可维护和可扩展的代码。《Pro C# 7 With .NET and .NET Core》是一本全面且深入的教程，适合C#初学者和有经验的开发者，通过阅读此书，读者可以掌握C# 7及.NET Core 2017的所有重要特性，并能有效应用于实际项目开发。

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■ Contents

xvi

Interfaces As Parameters ............................................................................................. 293

Interfaces As Return Values ......................................................................................... 295

Arrays of Interface Types .............................................................................................. 296

Implementing Interfaces Using Visual Studio ............................................................... 297

Explicit Interface Implementation ................................................................................ 299

Designing Interface Hierarchies ................................................................................... 301

Multiple Inheritance with Interface Types ........................................................................................... 303

The IEnumerable and IEnumerator Interfaces .............................................................. 305

Building Iterator Methods with the yield Keyword ..............................................................................308

Building a Named Iterator ...................................................................................................................310

The ICloneable Interface............................................................................................... 311

A More Elaborate Cloning Example.....................................................................................................313

The IComparable Interface ........................................................................................... 316

Specifying Multiple Sort Orders with IComparer ................................................................................319

Custom Properties and Custom Sort Types......................................................................................... 320

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 321

■Part IV: Advanced C# Programming �� 323

■Chapter 9: Collections and Generics �� 325

The Motivation for Collection Classes .......................................................................... 325

The System.Collections Namespace .................................................................................................. 327

A Survey of System.Collections.Specialized Namespace ................................................................... 329

The Problems of Nongeneric Collections ..................................................................... 330

The Issue of Performance ................................................................................................................... 330

The Issue of Type Safety ..................................................................................................................... 333

A First Look at Generic Collections ..................................................................................................... 336

The Role of Generic Type Parameters .......................................................................... 337

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Classes/Structures ............................................................. 339

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Members ............................................................................. 340

Specifying Type Parameters for Generic Interfaces ............................................................................ 340

■ Contents

xvii

The System.Collections.Generic Namespace ............................................................... 342

Understanding Collection Initialization Syntax ................................................................................... 343

Working with the List<T> Class .........................................................................................................345

Working with the Stack<T> Class ...................................................................................................... 346

Working with the Queue<T> Class .....................................................................................................347

Working with the SortedSet<T> Class ...............................................................................................348

Working with the Dictionary<TKey, TValue> Class .............................................................................350

The System.Collections.ObjectModel Namespace ....................................................... 351

Working with ObservableCollection<T> ............................................................................................. 352

Creating Custom Generic Methods ............................................................................... 354

Inference of Type Parameters ............................................................................................................. 356

Creating Custom Generic Structures and Classes ........................................................ 357

The default Keyword in Generic Code.................................................................................................358

Constraining Type Parameters ...................................................................................... 360

Examples Using the where Keyword ..................................................................................................360

The Lack of Operator Constraints .......................................................................................................362

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 363

■Chapter 10: Delegates, Events, and Lambda Expressions �� 365

Understanding the .NET Delegate Type ........................................................................ 365

Deﬁning a Delegate Type in C# ........................................................................................................... 366

The System.MulticastDelegate and System.Delegate Base Classes .................................................. 369

The Simplest Possible Delegate Example .................................................................... 370

Investigating a Delegate Object .......................................................................................................... 372

Sending Object State Notiﬁcations Using Delegates .................................................... 373

Enabling Multicasting ......................................................................................................................... 376

Removing Targets from a Delegate’s Invocation List .......................................................................... 378

Method Group Conversion Syntax ...................................................................................................... 379

Understanding Generic Delegates ................................................................................ 380

The Generic Action<> and Func<> Delegates ................................................................................... 382

■ Contents

xviii

Understanding C# Events ............................................................................................. 384

The C# event Keyword ........................................................................................................................386

Events Under the Hood ....................................................................................................................... 387

Listening to Incoming Events..............................................................................................................388

Simplifying Event Registration Using Visual Studio ............................................................................ 389

Cleaning Up Event Invocation Using the C# 6.0 Null-Conditional Operator ........................................ 391

Creating Custom Event Arguments ..................................................................................................... 392

The Generic EventHandler<T> Delegate ............................................................................................ 393

Understanding C# Anonymous Methods ...................................................................... 394

Accessing Local Variables ..................................................................................................................396

Understanding Lambda Expressions ............................................................................ 397

Dissecting a Lambda Expression ........................................................................................................400

Processing Arguments Within Multiple Statements ............................................................................ 401

Lambda Expressions with Multiple (or Zero) Parameters ...................................................................403

Retroﬁtting the CarEvents Example Using Lambda Expressions ........................................................ 404

Lambdas and Expression-Bodied Members (Updated) .......................................................................404

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 406

■Chapter 11: Advanced C# Language Features �� 407

Understanding Indexer Methods .................................................................................. 407

Indexing Data Using String Values ...................................................................................................... 409

Overloading Indexer Methods .............................................................................................................411

Indexers with Multiple Dimensions ....................................................................................................411

Indexer Deﬁnitions on Interface Types ................................................................................................ 412

Understanding Operator Overloading ........................................................................... 412

Overloading Binary Operators ............................................................................................................. 413

And What of the += and –= Operators? ............................................................................................. 416

Overloading Unary Operators.............................................................................................................. 416

Overloading Equality Operators .......................................................................................................... 417

Overloading Comparison Operators ....................................................................................................418

Final Thoughts Regarding Operator Overloading ................................................................................ 418

■ Contents

xix

Understanding Custom Type Conversions .................................................................... 419

Recall: Numerical Conversions ........................................................................................................... 419

Recall: Conversions Among Related Class Types ................................................................................ 419

Creating Custom Conversion Routines ...............................................................................................420

Additional Explicit Conversions for the Square Type........................................................................... 423

Deﬁning Implicit Conversion Routines ................................................................................................ 424

Understanding Extension Methods ............................................................................... 425

Deﬁning Extension Methods ............................................................................................................... 426

Invoking Extension Methods ............................................................................................................... 427

Importing Extension Methods ............................................................................................................. 428

The IntelliSense of Extension Methods ............................................................................................... 428

Extending Types Implementing Speciﬁc Interfaces ............................................................................ 429

Understanding Anonymous Types ................................................................................ 431

Deﬁning an Anonymous Type .............................................................................................................. 431

The Internal Representation of Anonymous Types .............................................................................. 432

The Implementation of ToString() and GetHashCode() ........................................................................ 434

The Semantics of Equality for Anonymous Types ............................................................................... 434

Anonymous Types Containing Anonymous Types ............................................................................... 436

Working with Pointer Types .......................................................................................... 436

The unsafe Keyword ........................................................................................................................... 438

Working with the * and & Operators ................................................................................................... 440

An Unsafe (and Safe) Swap Function .................................................................................................441

Field Access via Pointers (the -> Operator) ........................................................................................ 442

The stackalloc Keyword ......................................................................................................................442

Pinning a Type via the ﬁxed Keyword ................................................................................................. 443

The sizeof Keyword ............................................................................................................................444

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 444

■Chapter 12: LINQ to Objects �� 445

LINQ-Speciﬁc Programming Constructs ....................................................................... 445

Implicit Typing of Local Variables ....................................................................................................... 446

Object and Collection Initialization Syntax.......................................................................................... 446

■ Contents

Lambda Expressions ...........................................................................................................................447

Extension Methods ............................................................................................................................. 448

Anonymous Types ............................................................................................................................... 449

Understanding the Role of LINQ ................................................................................... 449

LINQ Expressions Are Strongly Typed ................................................................................................. 450

The Core LINQ Assemblies .................................................................................................................. 450

Applying LINQ Queries to Primitive Arrays ................................................................... 451

Once Again, Using Extension Methods ............................................................................................... 453

Once Again, Without LINQ ................................................................................................................... 453

Reﬂecting Over a LINQ Result Set ...................................................................................................... 454

LINQ and Implicitly Typed Local Variables .......................................................................................... 455

LINQ and Extension Methods .............................................................................................................. 457

The Role of Deferred Execution ..........................................................................................................458

The Role of Immediate Execution ....................................................................................................... 459

Returning the Result of a LINQ Query ........................................................................... 460

Returning LINQ Results via Immediate Execution .............................................................................. 461

Applying LINQ Queries to Collection Objects ................................................................ 462

Accessing Contained Subobjects ....................................................................................................... 462

Applying LINQ Queries to Nongeneric Collections .............................................................................. 463

Filtering Data Using OfType<T>( ) ...................................................................................................... 464

Investigating the C# LINQ Query Operators .................................................................. 465

Basic Selection Syntax ....................................................................................................................... 466

Obtaining Subsets of Data .................................................................................................................. 467

Projecting New Data Types ................................................................................................................. 468

Obtaining Counts Using Enumerable ..................................................................................................469

Reversing Result Sets ......................................................................................................................... 470

Sorting Expressions ............................................................................................................................470

LINQ As a Better Venn Diagramming Tool ........................................................................................... 471

Removing Duplicates ..........................................................................................................................472

LINQ Aggregation Operations .............................................................................................................. 472

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