无线mesh网络的安全性与对策

Mesh

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"《Security in Wireless Mesh Networks》是由Yan Zhang编辑的一本书，该书深入探讨了无线 mesh 网络的安全性。书中涵盖了从基础概念到具体安全机制的多个方面，包括无线 mesh 网络简介、不同级别的 mesh 网络（PANs、LANs、MANs 和 WANs）、攻击与安全机制、入侵检测、安全路由、跳点完整性、隐私保护、认证、信任和隐私提供、非交互式密钥建立、密钥管理以及在各种无线网络环境中的安全问题，如无线局域网 mesh 网络和基于 IEEE802.15.4 的簇状网络，还有无线传感器网络及其密钥管理。这本书是针对那些对 mesh 网络安全研究不深的读者设计的，提供了有价值的信息和洞见。" 无线 mesh 网络的安全性是一个复杂且关键的主题，因为这些网络通常涉及大量的节点，节点间通过多跳通信进行数据传输，这使得网络既灵活又易受攻击。书中第一章"An Introduction to Wireless Mesh Networks"介绍了无线 mesh 网络的基本结构和工作原理，为后续的安全讨论奠定了基础。第二章至第四章则关注 mesh 网络的不同应用层面上的安全挑战，包括可能的攻击类型（如中间人攻击、拒绝服务攻击等）以及相应的防御策略。第五章"Intrusion Detection in Wireless Mesh Networks"专门讨论入侵检测系统在 mesh 网络中的设计和实现，这是防范攻击的关键环节。第六章到第十章集中讨论了路由、跳点完整性和密钥管理等关键安全问题。"Secure Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks"探讨了如何确保数据在传输过程中的安全性，而"Key Management in Wireless Mesh Networks"则分析了如何有效地管理和更新网络中的密钥，以保证通信的机密性和完整性。第十一章至第十五章则针对特定类型的无线网络，如无线个人域网（PAN）、无线局域网（LAN）和无线传感器网络，阐述了这些环境下的安全问题和解决方案，特别是密钥管理在这些网络中的重要性。《Security in Wireless Mesh Networks》提供了关于无线 mesh 网络安全的全面视图，不仅覆盖了基本概念和技术，还深入到实际应用和防护措施，对于网络安全研究人员、工程师和学生来说是一本宝贵的参考资料。

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An Introduction to Wireless Mesh Networks  5

Internet

Mesh router

Client node

Wireless link

Gateway

Cellular network

Sensor network

WLAN

PDA

Edge router

Wired backbone link

Edge

router

Gateway

Figure 1.1 Architecture of a wireless mesh network.

1.1 Introduction

WMNs are multi-hop wireless networks formed by mesh routers and mesh

clients. These networks typically have a high data rate and low deployment

and maintenance overhead. Mesh routers are typically stationary and do not

have energy constraints, but the clients are mobile and energy constrained.

Some mesh routers are designated as gateway routers which are connected

to the Internet through a wired backbone. A gateway router provides ac-

cess to conventional clients and interconnects ad hoc, sensor, cellular, and

other networks to the Internet, as shown in Figure 1.1. A mesh network can

provide multi-hop communication paths between wireless clients, thereby

serving as a community network, or can provide multi-hop paths between

the client and the gateway router, thereby providing broadband Internet

access to clients. As there is no wired infrastructure to deploy in the case

of WMNs, they are considered cost-effective alternatives to WLANs (wire-

less local area networks) and backbone networks to mobile clients. The

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6  Security in Wireless Mesh Networks

existing wireless networking technologies such as IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15,

IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.20 are used in the implementation of WMNs. The

IEEE 802.11 is a set of WLAN standards that deﬁne many aspects of wireless

networking. One such aspect is mesh networking, which is currently un-

der development by the IEEE 802.11 Task Group. Recently, there has been

growing research and practical interest in WMNs. There are numerous on-

going projects on wireless mesh networks in academia, research labs, and

companies. Many academic institutions developed their own testbed for

research purposes. These efforts are toward developing various applica-

tions of WMNs such as home, enterprise, and community networking. As

the WMNs use multi-hop paths between client nodes or between a client

and a gateway router, the existing protocols for multi-hop ad hoc wireless

networks are well suited for WMNs. The ongoing work in WMNs is on

increasing the throughput and developing efﬁcient protocols by utilizing

the static nature of the mesh routers and topology.

1.1.1 Single-Hop and Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Generally, wireless networks are classiﬁed as single-hop and multi-hop

networks. In a single-hop network, the client connects to the ﬁxed base

station or access point directly in one hop. The well-known examples of

single-hop wireless networks are WLANs and cellular networks. WLANs

contain special nodes called access points (APs), which are connected to

existing wired networks such as Ethernet LANs. The mobile devices are

connected to the AP through a one-hop wireless link. Any communication

between mobile devices happens via AP. In the case of cellular networks,

the geographical area to be covered is divided into cells which are usually

considered to be hexagonal. A base station (BS) is located in the center of

the cell and the mobile terminals in that cell communicate with it in a single-

hop fashion. Communication between any two mobile terminals happens

through one or more BSs. These networks are called infrastructure wireless

networks because they are infrastructure (BS) dependent. The path setup

between two clients (mobile nodes), say node A and node B, is completed

through the BS, as shown in Figure 1.2.

In a multi-hop wireless network, the source and destination nodes com-

municate in a multi-hop fashion. The packets from the source node traverse

through one or more intermediate/relaying nodes to reach the destination.

Because all nodes in the network also act as routers, there is no need

for a BS or any other dedicated infrastructure. Hence, such networks are

also called infrastructure-less networks. The well-known forms of multi-hop

networks are ad hoc networks, sensor networks, and WMNs. Communica-

tion between two nodes, say node C and node F, takes place through the

relaying nodes D and E, as shown in Figure 1.3.

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An Introduction to Wireless Mesh Networks  9

networking. The mesh routers have multiple interfaces of the same or

different communications technologies based on the requirement. They

achieve more coverage with the same transmission power by using multi-

hop communication through other mesh routers. They can be built on

general-purpose computer systems such as PCs and laptops, or can be built

on dedicated hardware platforms (embedded systems). There are a vari-

ety of mesh clients such as laptop, desktop, pocket PCs, IP phones, RFID

readers, and PDAs. The mesh clients have mesh networking capabilities to

interact with mesh routers, but they are simpler in hardware and software

compared to mesh routers. Normally they have a single communication

interface built on them. The architecture of WMNs (shown in Figure 1.1)

is the most common architecture used in many mesh networking appli-

cations such as community networking and home networking. The mesh

routers shown have multiple interfaces with different networking technolo-

gies which provide connectivity to mesh clients and other networks such as

cellular and sensor networks. Normally, long-range communication tech-

niques such as directional antennas are provided for communication be-

tween mesh routers. Mesh routers form a wireless mesh topology that has

self-conﬁguration and self-healing functions built into them. Some mesh

routers are designated as gateways which have wired connectivity to the

Internet. The integration of other networking technologies is provided by

connecting the BS of the network that connects to WMNs to the mesh

routers. Here, the clients communicate to the BS of its own network and

the BS in turn communicates to the mesh router to access the WMN.

1.3 Applications of WMNs

WMNs introduce the concept of a peer-to-peer mesh topology with wire-

less communication between mesh routers. This concept helps to overcome

many of today’s deployment challenges, such as the installation of exten-

sive Ethernet cabling, and enables new deployment models. Deployment

scenarios that are particularly well suited for WMNs include the following:



Campus environments (enterprises and universities), manufacturing,

shopping centers, airports, sporting venues, and special events



Military operations, disaster recovery, temporary installations, and

public safety



Municipalities, including downtown cores, residential areas, and

parks



Carrier-managed service in public areas or residential communities

Due to the recent research advances in WMNs, they have been used in

numerous applications. The mesh topology of the WMNs provides many

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