Oracle 12.1备份与恢复指南：全面详解

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Oracle Database Backup and Recovery Guide 12.1 是一份详细的官方文档，针对Oracle数据库12c Release 1（版本12.1）进行了深入探讨。这本书由Padmaja Potineni主要撰写，其他贡献者包括K.Weill、L.Ashdown等多位专家，共同确保了内容的专业性和实用性。该指南涵盖了Oracle数据库备份和恢复的核心概念和技术，适用于数据库管理员、系统管理员以及对数据库保护感兴趣的IT专业人士。在12.1版本中，Oracle提供了全面的备份策略，包括冷备份、热备份、归档日志模式下的备份、数据泵导出/导入以及RMAN（Oracle Recovery Manager）的高级功能。本书会介绍如何设计有效的备份方案以防止数据丢失，并在灾难恢复时快速恢复关键业务操作。它还强调了备份的频率、保留策略和恢复点目标(RPO)和恢复时间目标(RTO)的重要性。 RMAN（Recovery Manager）是Oracle数据库的核心备份工具，它支持多种备份方法，如无归档模式下的增量备份、差异备份以及镜像备份。书中会详细介绍如何配置和管理RMAN任务，如何设置备份集、备份控制文件，以及如何利用RMAN进行在线和离线恢复。此外，对于远程备份和备份集的管理和优化也有所涉及。 Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide 12.1还包括对备份验证、备份存储选项（如文件系统、ASM或磁带）、备份策略自动化以及与Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)集成的备份解决方案的讲解。它还探讨了备份性能优化和最佳实践，以及如何处理备份错误和故障。版权信息表明，除非在许可证协议中有明确允许或法律规定，否则未经Oracle许可，用户不得复制、修改、分发或公开展示软件的任何部分，以尊重Oracle的知识产权。同时，为了保持软件的互操作性，对软件进行逆向工程、解体或反编译也是受到限制的。 Oracle Database Backup and Recovery Guide 12.1是一本实用且权威的参考文献，为数据库管理人员提供了全面的指导，帮助他们有效地管理Oracle数据库的备份与恢复流程，确保数据安全和业务连续性。

Performing RMAN TSPITR Using Your Own Auxiliary Database .............................................. 21-21

Preparing Your Own Auxiliary Database for RMAN TSPITR .............................................. 21-21

Preparing RMAN Commands for TSPITR with Your Own Auxiliary Database ............... 21-24

Executing TSPITR with Your Own Auxiliary Database......................................................... 21-24

Performing TSPITR with Your Own Auxiliary Database: Scenario ..................................... 21-25

Troubleshooting RMAN TSPITR........................................................................................................ 21-27

Troubleshooting File Name Conflicts During TSPITR ........................................................... 21-27

Troubleshooting the Identification of Tablespaces with Undo Segments During TSPITR 21-27

Troubleshooting the Restart of a Manual Auxiliary Database After TSPITR Failure ........ 21-28

22 Recovering Tables and Table Partitions from RMAN Backups

Overview of Recovering Tables and Table Partitions from RMAN Backups................................ 22-1

Backups Required to Recover Tables and Table Partitions...................................................... 22-1

Purpose of Recovering Tables and Table Partitions from RMAN Backups .......................... 22-2

Basic Concepts of Recovering Tables and Table Partitions from RMAN Backups .............. 22-2

Limitations of Recovering Tables and Table Partitions from RMAN Backups..................... 22-5

Preparing to Recover Tables and Table Partitions............................................................................. 22-5

Prerequisites for Recovering Tables and Table Partitions from RMAN Backups ................ 22-6

Determining the Point-in-time to Which Tables and Table Partitions Must be Recovered 22-6

Recovering Tables and Table Partitions .............................................................................................. 22-7

Recovering Tables and Table Partitions in PDBs ............................................................................... 22-8

Examples: Recovering Tables and Table Partitions From RMAN Backups................................... 22-9

Example: Recovering Tables to a Specified Point in Time ....................................................... 22-9

Example: Recovering Table Partitions to a Specified Log Sequence Number .................... 22-10

Part VI Tuning and Troubleshooting

23 Tuning RMAN Performance

Purpose of RMAN Performance Tuning............................................................................................. 23-1

Basic Concepts of RMAN Performance Tuning................................................................................. 23-1

Read Phase....................................................................................................................................... 23-3

Copy Phase...................................................................................................................................... 23-6

Write Phase for System Backup Tape (SBT) ............................................................................... 23-7

Write Phase for Disk .................................................................................................................... 23-10

Using V$ Views to Diagnose RMAN Performance Problems........................................................ 23-11

Monitoring RMAN Job Progress with V$SESSION_LONGOPS........................................... 23-11

Identifying Bottlenecks with V$BACKUP_SYNC_IO and V$BACKUP_ASYNC_IO........ 23-13

Tuning RMAN Backup Performance................................................................................................. 23-14

Step 1: Remove the RATE Parameter from Channel Settings................................................ 23-15

Step 2: If You Use Synchronous Disk I/O, Set DBWR_IO_SLAVES .................................... 23-15

Step 3: If You Fail to Allocate Shared Memory, Set LARGE_POOL_SIZE .......................... 23-15

Step 4: Tune the Read, Write, and Copy Phases ...................................................................... 23-16

xvi

24 Troubleshooting RMAN Operations

Interpreting RMAN Message Output.................................................................................................. 24-1

Identifying Types of RMAN Message Output........................................................................... 24-1

Recognizing RMAN Error Message Stacks ................................................................................ 24-2

Identifying RMAN Error Codes................................................................................................... 24-2

Interpreting RMAN Error Stacks ................................................................................................. 24-5

Identifying RMAN Return Codes................................................................................................ 24-7

Using V$ Views for RMAN Troubleshooting..................................................................................... 24-8

Monitoring RMAN Interaction with the Media Manager........................................................ 24-8

Correlating Server Sessions with RMAN Channels.................................................................. 24-9

Testing the Media Management API ................................................................................................. 24-12

Obtaining the sbttest Utility........................................................................................................ 24-12

Obtaining Online Documentation for the sbttest Utility........................................................ 24-12

Using the sbttest Utility............................................................................................................... 24-13

Terminating an RMAN Command .................................................................................................... 24-14

Terminating the Session with ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION........................................... 24-14

Terminating the Session at the Operating System Level........................................................ 24-14

Terminating an RMAN Session That Is Not Responding in the Media Manager .............. 24-14

Part VII Transferring Data with RMAN

25 Duplicating a Database

Overview of RMAN Database Duplication ........................................................................................ 25-1

Purpose of Database Duplication................................................................................................. 25-1

Basic Concepts of Database Duplication..................................................................................... 25-2

Basic Steps of Database Duplication............................................................................................ 25-7

Duplicating CDBs........................................................................................................................... 25-8

Duplicating PDBs ........................................................................................................................... 25-9

Preparing to Duplicate a Database..................................................................................................... 25-10

Step 1: Choosing a Duplication Technique............................................................................... 25-10

Step 2: Choosing a Strategy for Naming Duplicate Files........................................................ 25-13

Step 3: Installing the Oracle Database Software on the Destination Host ........................... 25-14

Step 4: Making Backups Accessible to the Duplicate Instance .............................................. 25-15

Step 5: Preparing Remote Access to Databases........................................................................ 25-17

Step 6: Copying the Oracle Keystore to the Destination Host............................................... 25-19

Step 7: Creating an Initialization Parameter File and Starting the Auxiliary Instance ...... 25-19

Step 8: Placing the Source Database in the Proper State......................................................... 25-21

Starting RMAN and Connecting to Databases................................................................................. 25-21

Configuring RMAN Channels for Use in Duplication.................................................................... 25-22

Configuring Channels for Backup-Based Duplication ........................................................... 25-22

Configuring Channels for Active Database Duplication........................................................ 25-23

Duplicating a Database ........................................................................................................................ 25-23

xvii

Backup-Based Duplication Without a Target Connection: Example.................................... 25-24

Backup-Based Duplication with a Target Connection: Example .......................................... 25-25

Backup-Based Duplication Without a Target or Recovery Catalog Connection: Example 25-25

Restarting DUPLICATE After a Failure ............................................................................................ 25-26

26 Duplicating a Database: Advanced Topics

Specifying Alternative Names for Duplicate Database Files ........................................................... 26-1

Specifying Non-OMF or Non-ASM Alternative Names for Duplicate Database Files........ 26-1

Specifying OMF or ASM Alternative Names for Duplicate Database Files .......................... 26-5

Making Disk Backups Accessible Without Shared Disk................................................................... 26-9

Duplicating a Database When No Server Parameter File Exists.................................................... 26-10

Starting the Auxiliary Instance When No Server Parameter File Exists....................................... 26-12

Duplicating a Subset of the Source Database Tablespaces ............................................................. 26-13

Excluding Specified Tablespaces During Database Duplication .......................................... 26-14

Including Specified Tablespaces During Database Duplication ........................................... 26-14

27 Creating Transportable Tablespace Sets

Overview of Creating Transportable Tablespace Sets ...................................................................... 27-1

Purpose of Creating Transportable Tablespace Sets ................................................................. 27-1

Basic Concepts of Transportable Tablespace Sets ..................................................................... 27-2

Basic Steps of Creating Transportable Tablespace Sets ............................................................ 27-4

Customizing Initialization Parameters for the Auxiliary Instance.................................................. 27-5

About Setting Initialization Parameters for the RMAN Auxiliary Instance.......................... 27-5

Setting the Location of the Auxiliary Instance Parameter File ................................................ 27-6

Creating a Transportable Tablespace Set ............................................................................................ 27-7

Troubleshooting the Creation of Transportable Tablespace Sets .................................................... 27-8

Transportable Tablespace Set Scenarios.............................................................................................. 27-8

Creating a Transportable Tablespace Set at a Specified Time or SCN ................................... 27-8

Specifying Locations for Data Pump Files.................................................................................. 27-9

Specifying Auxiliary File Locations with Transportable Tablespaces.................................. 27-10

28 Transporting Data Across Platforms

About Cross-Platform Data Transport ................................................................................................ 28-1

Purpose of Cross-Platform Data Transport ................................................................................ 28-2

Methods of Transporting Data Across Platforms...................................................................... 28-2

Platforms that Support Cross-Platform Data Transport........................................................... 28-3

Overview of Cross-Platform Data Transport Using Image Copies................................................. 28-3

Overview of Tablespace and Data File Conversion Using Image Copies ............................. 28-3

Overview of Database Conversion Using Image Copies ......................................................... 28-4

Performing Cross-Platform Tablespace Conversion with Image Copies....................................... 28-5

Performing Cross-Platform Data File Conversion with Image Copies........................................... 28-7

About Renaming Output Files During RMAN Cross-Platform Data File Conversion ....... 28-7

xviii

Performing Tablespace Transportation on the Destination Host Using RMAN CONVERT

DATAFILE ................................................................................................................................. 28-8

Performing Cross-Platform Database Conversion with Image Copies ........................................ 28-10

Checking the Database Before Cross-Platform Database Conversion ................................. 28-10

Converting Data Files on the Source Host When Transporting a Database........................ 28-13

Converting Data Files on the Destination Host When Transporting a Database ............... 28-15

Overview of Cross-Platform Data Transport Using Backup Sets ................................................. 28-19

Basic Terms Used in Cross-Platform Data Transport Using Backup Sets ........................... 28-22

About Backing Up Data on the Source Database for Cross-Platform Data Transport ...... 28-22

About the Data Pump Export Dump File Used for Cross-Platform Tablespace Transport 28-23

About Restoring Data on the Destination Host During Cross-Platform Data Transport.. 28-23

About Selecting Objects to Be Restored from Cross-Platform Backups............................... 28-24

About Names and Locations for Restored Objects on the Destination Database............... 28-25

About Importing the Data Pump Export Dump File Created During Cross-Platform

Tablespace Transport ............................................................................................................. 28-25

Performing Cross-Platform Database Transport with Backup Sets .............................................. 28-26

Steps to Transport a Database to a Different Platform Using Backup Sets ......................... 28-26

Performing Cross-Platform Transport of Read-Only Tablespaces Using Backup Sets.............. 28-28

Steps to Transport Read-Only Tablespaces to a Different Platform Using Backup Sets ... 28-29

Overview of Cross-Platform Transport of Tablespaces Using Inconsistent Backups ................ 28-31

Performing Cross-Platform Transport of Tablespaces Using Inconsistent Backups .................. 28-32

Steps to Transport Inconsistent Tablespaces to a Different Platform .................................. 28-34

Example: Performing Cross-Platform Inconsistent Tablespace Transport Using Backup

Sets ............................................................................................................................................ 28-36

Performing Cross-Platform Data Transport in CDBs and PDBs ................................................... 28-39

Performing Cross-Platform Transport of a Whole CDB......................................................... 28-39

Performing Cross-Platform Transport of PDBs ....................................................................... 28-40

Performing Cross-Platform Transport of Tablespaces in a PDB ........................................... 28-41

Part VIII Performing User-Managed Backup and Recovery

29 Making User-Managed Database Backups

Querying V$ Views to Obtain Backup Information .......................................................................... 29-1

Listing Database Files Before a Backup....................................................................................... 29-1

Determining Data File Status for Online Tablespace Backups ................................................ 29-2

Making User-Managed Backups of the Whole Database ................................................................. 29-3

Making User-Managed Backups of CDBs and PDBs ........................................................................ 29-4

Making User-Managed Backups of Tablespaces and Data Files ..................................................... 29-5

Making User-Managed Backups of Offline Tablespaces and Data Files ............................... 29-5

Making User-Managed Backups of Online Tablespaces and Data Files................................ 29-6

Making User-Managed Backups of Tablespaces in CDBs.............................................................. 29-12

Making User-Managed Backups of Offline Tablespaces and Data Files in CDBs.............. 29-12

Making User-Managed Backups of Online Tablespaces in CDBs and PDBs ...................... 29-13

xix

Making User-Managed Backups of the Control File ....................................................................... 29-13

Backing Up the Control File to a Binary File............................................................................ 29-13

Backing Up the Control File to a Trace File.............................................................................. 29-14

Making User-Managed Backups of Archived Redo Logs .............................................................. 29-14

Making User-Managed Backups in SUSPEND Mode..................................................................... 29-15

About the Suspend/Resume Feature........................................................................................ 29-15

Making Backups in a Suspended Database.............................................................................. 29-15

Making User-Managed Backups to Raw Devices............................................................................ 29-17

Backing Up to Raw Devices on Linux and UNIX.................................................................... 29-17

Backing Up to Raw Devices on Windows ................................................................................ 29-19

Making Backups with Third-Party Snapshot Technologies........................................................... 29-21

Verifying User-Managed Data File Backups .................................................................................... 29-22

Testing the Restoration of Data File Backups........................................................................... 29-22

Running the DBVERIFY Utility.................................................................................................. 29-22

30 Performing User-Managed Database Flashback and Recovery

Performing Flashback Database with SQL*Plus ................................................................................ 30-1

Overview of User-Managed Media Recovery .................................................................................... 30-2

About User-Managed Restore and Recovery............................................................................. 30-2

Automatic Recovery with the RECOVER Command............................................................... 30-4

Recovery When Archived Logs Are in the Default Location .................................................. 30-5

Recovery When Archived Logs Are in a Nondefault Location............................................... 30-6

Recovery Using Storage Snapshot Optimization....................................................................... 30-7

Recovery Cancellation During User-Managed Recovery......................................................... 30-9

Parallel Media Recovery................................................................................................................ 30-9

Performing Complete Database Recovery Using SQL*Plus............................................................. 30-9

Performing Closed Database Recovery..................................................................................... 30-10

Performing Open Database Recovery ....................................................................................... 30-13

Performing Crash and Instance Recovery of CDBs................................................................. 30-15

Performing Incomplete Database Recovery ..................................................................................... 30-16

Performing Cancel-Based Incomplete Recovery ..................................................................... 30-17

Performing Time-Based or Change-Based Incomplete Recovery ......................................... 30-19

Recovering a Database in NOARCHIVELOG Mode....................................................................... 30-19

Troubleshooting Media Recovery ...................................................................................................... 30-21

About User-Managed Media Recovery Problems................................................................... 30-21

Investigating the Media Recovery Problem: Phase 1.............................................................. 30-23

Trying to Fix the Recovery Problem Without Corrupting Blocks: Phase 2 ......................... 30-23

Deciding Whether to Allow Recovery to Mark as Corrupt Blocks: Phase 3........................ 30-25

Allowing Recovery to Corrupt Blocks: Phase 4 ....................................................................... 30-26

Performing Trial Recovery.......................................................................................................... 30-27

31 Performing User-Managed Recovery: Advanced Scenarios

Responding to the Loss of a Subset of the Current Control Files.................................................... 31-1

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