提升集成电路安全性的芯片结构与技术

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随着半导体设计和制造过程的全球化,集成电路(ICs)正面临日益严重的恶意活动威胁,尤其是在军事、金融等关键应用领域。论文标题《On-chip Structures and Techniques to Improve the Security, Trustworthiness, and Reliability of Integrated Circuits》着重探讨了这一问题。主要关注两大挑战:一是硬件Trojans,即恶意插入的集成电路或知识产权(IPs),这些可能由不信任的工艺流程引入,对IC的安全性、可信度和可靠性构成严重威胁。 该研究深入分析了在芯片设计层面采取的措施,旨在增强集成电路抵御恶意硬件攻击的能力。首先,论文可能会探讨芯片级的安全结构设计,这包括采用安全的硬件模块化、隔离技术和加密算法,以防止未授权访问和数据泄露。这些技术通常会考虑在设计阶段嵌入安全机制,例如利用专用的安全处理器单元(Secure Processing Elements, SPEs)或信任根(Trusted Computing Base, TCB)来验证和保护关键逻辑路径。 其次,论文可能介绍动态检测和修复技术,如在线监控和自适应安全策略,以便在硬件运行时检测异常行为并进行及时响应。此外,可能还会涉及物理安全措施,比如使用抗物理逆向工程(Physical Unclonable Functions, PUFs)来创建独特的设备标识符,以及采用可重构逻辑或可编程逻辑门以提高灵活性和应对潜在威胁。 论文还可能探讨使用可信计算技术(Trusted Execution Environments, TEEs)和安全多方计算(Secure Multi-party Computation, MPC)等高级安全概念,这些技术可以在保护数据隐私的同时,确保计算的正确性和不可篡改性。此外,作者可能还讨论了供应链管理的最佳实践,强调建立一个可靠的信任链,以防止恶意活动在设计、制造和分发过程中渗入。 《On-chip Structures and Techniques to Improve the Security, Trustworthiness, and Reliability of Integrated Circuits》提供了一个全面的视角,探讨了如何通过创新的芯片设计方法和结构来应对当今集成电路安全面临的严峻挑战。这些技术对于确保现代电子系统在关键应用中的安全性至关重要,是未来集成电路设计和制造的重要发展方向。

The starting configuration of this puzzle is a row of cells, with disks located on cells through . The goal is to move the disks to the end of the row using a constrained set of actions. At each step, a disk can only be moved to an adjacent empty cell, or to an empty cell two spaces away if another disk is located on the intervening square. Given these restrictions, it can be seen that in many cases, no movements will be possible for the majority of the disks. For example, from the starting position, the only two options are to move the last disk from cell to cell , or to move the second-to-last disk from cell to cell . 1. [15 points] Write a function solve_identical_disks(length, n) that returns an optimal solution to the above problem as a list of moves, where length is the number of cells in the row and n is the number of disks. Each move in the solution should be a twoelement tuple of the form (from, to) indicating a disk movement from the cell from to the cell to. As suggested by its name, this function should treat all disks as being identical. Your solver for this problem should be implemented using a breadth-first graph search. The exact solution produced is not important, as long as it is of minimal length. Unlike in the previous two sections, no requirement is made with regards to the manner in which puzzle configurations are represented. Before you begin, think carefully about which data structures might be best suited for the problem, as this choice may affect the efficiency of your search

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