SWI-Prolog 7.6.4 教程：人工智能编程语言指南

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"这是一份关于SWI-Prolog 7.6.4版本的英文教程，由VU University Amsterdam和University of Amsterdam发布，适合对人工智能编程语言Prolog感兴趣的学习者。教程涵盖了SWI-Prolog的基本知识、扩展功能以及与其它语言、数据库、图形和网络的接口。此外，它还强调了在处理HTML/SGML/XML和RDF文档方面的强大支持，尤其适合构建多线程和HTTP服务器应用的服务器环境。" SWI-Prolog是Prolog编程语言的一个全面且可移植的实现，它的目标是成为一个健壮且可扩展的平台，支持各种应用程序。该系统不仅符合ISO Prolog标准，而且与Edinburgh传统相一致，与Quintus、SICStus和YAP Prolog保持高度兼容。为了确保这种兼容性，SWI-Prolog提供了一个合作框架，与YAP共同开发，并为YAP、SICStus和IF/Prolog进行了实例化。教程中可能会详细介绍SWI-Prolog的以下关键知识点： 1. **基本语法与逻辑编程**: 包括Prolog的规则、事实和查询的定义，以及如何进行推理和回溯。 2. **模块系统**: 如何组织代码，以及模块间的导入和导出机制。 3. **多线程支持**: SWI-Prolog如何提供对多线程的原生支持，允许开发者编写并发程序。 4. **接口库**: 如何与其他语言（如C、Java等）交互，以及与数据库、图形和网络服务的接口使用。 5. **HTML/SGML/XML和RDF处理**: 支持解析、生成和操作这些格式的文档，对于Web开发和数据交换至关重要。 6. **HTTP服务器库**: 如何利用SWI-Prolog构建HTTP服务器，实现Web服务。 7. **调试工具**: 介绍如何调试Prolog程序，包括断点设置、单步执行和查看内部状态。 8. **编译与优化**: 讲解如何编译和优化Prolog程序以提高性能。 9. **异常处理**: 学习如何在Prolog中捕获和处理错误及异常情况。 10. **自定义库和打包系统**: 如何创建和管理自定义库，以及使用SWI-Prolog的打包系统来分享和安装代码。这个教程对那些希望深入理解Prolog语言，特别是想利用其进行实际应用开发的开发者来说非常有用。通过学习，开发者可以掌握如何利用SWI-Prolog的强大功能来解决复杂问题，特别是在数据处理、自然语言处理和知识表示等领域。

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14 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

be instructed to open an arbitrary editor on the right ﬁle and line based on its source database.

It ships with various graphical tools and can be combined with the SWI-Prolog editor, PDT

(Eclipse plugin for Prolog) or GNU-Emacs.

• Fast compiler

Even very large applications can be loaded in seconds on most machines. If this is not enough,

there is the Quick Load Format. See qcompile/1 and qsave program/2.

• Transparent compiled code

SWI-Prolog compiled code can be treated just as interpreted code: you can list it, trace it, etc.

This implies you do not have to decide beforehand whether a module should be loaded for

debugging or not, and the performance of debugged code is close to that of normal operation.

• Source level debugger

The source level debugger provides a good overview of your current location in the search tree,

variable bindings, your source code and open choice points. Choice point inspection provides

meaningful insight to both novices and experienced users. Avoiding unintended choice points

often provides a huge increase in performance and a huge saving in memory usage.

• Proﬁling

SWI-Prolog offers an execution proﬁler with either textual output or graphical output. Finding

and improving hotspots in a Prolog program may result in huge speedups.

• Flexibility

SWI-Prolog can easily be integrated with C, supporting non-determinism in Prolog calling C

as well as C calling Prolog (see section 11). It can also be embedded in external programs (see

section 11.5). System predicates can be redeﬁned locally to provide compatibility with other

Prolog systems.

• Threads

Robust support for multiple threads may improve performance and is a key enabling factor for

deploying Prolog in server applications.

• Interfaces

SWI-Prolog ships with many extension packages that provide robust interfaces to processes,

encryption, TCP/IP, TIPC, ODBC, SGML/XML/HTML, RDF, HTTP, graphics and much more.

1.4 Support the SWI-Prolog project

You can support the SWI-Prolog project in several ways. Academics are invited to cite one of the

publications

on SWI-Prolog. Users can help by identifying and/or ﬁxing problems with the code or

its documentation.

. Users can contribute new features or, more lightweight, contribute packs

. Com-

mercial users may consider contacting the developers

to sponsor the development of new features or

seek for opportunities to cooperate with the developers or other commercial users.

http://www.swi-prolog.org/Publications.html

http://www.swi-prolog.org/howto/SubmitPatch.html

http://www.swi-prolog.org/pack/list

mailto:info@swi-prolog.org

SWI-Prolog 7.6 Reference Manual

1.5. IMPLEMENTATION HISTORY 15

1.5 Implementation history

SWI-Prolog started back in 1986 with the requirement for a Prolog that could handle recursive inter-

action with the C-language: Prolog calling C and C calling Prolog recursively. In those days Prolog

systems were not very aware of their environment and we needed such a system to support interactive

applications. Since then, SWI-Prolog’s development has been guided by requests from the user com-

munity, especially focussing on (in arbitrary order) interaction with the environment, scalability, (I/O)

performance, standard compliance, teaching and the program development environment.

SWI-Prolog is based on a simple Prolog virtual machine called ZIP [Bowen et al., 1983,

Neumerkel, 1993] which deﬁnes only 7 instructions. Prolog can easily be compiled into this lan-

guage, and the abstract machine code is easily decompiled back into Prolog. As it is also possible

to wire a standard 4-port debugger in the virtual machine, there is no need for a distinction between

compiled and interpreted code. Besides simplifying the design of the Prolog system itself, this ap-

proach has advantages for program development: the compiler is simple and fast, the user does not

have to decide in advance whether debugging is required, and the system only runs slightly slower in

debug mode compared to normal execution. The price we have to pay is some performance degra-

dation (taking out the debugger from the VM interpreter improves performance by about 20%) and

somewhat additional memory usage to help the decompiler and debugger.

SWI-Prolog extends the minimal set of instructions described in [Bowen et al., 1983] to improve

performance. While extending this set, care has been taken to maintain the advantages of decompi-

lation and tracing of compiled code. The extensions include specialised instructions for uniﬁcation,

predicate invocation, some frequently used built-in predicates, arithmetic, and control (;/2, |/2),

if-then (->/2) and negation-by-failure (\+/1).

1.6 Acknowledgements

Some small parts of the Prolog code of SWI-Prolog are modiﬁed versions of the corresponding Edin-

burgh C-Prolog code: grammar rule compilation and writef/2. Also some of the C-code originates

from C-Prolog: ﬁnding the path of the currently running executable and some of the code underlying

absolute

file name/2. Ideas on programming style and techniques originate from C-Prolog

and Richard O’Keefe’s thief editor. An important source of inspiration are the programming tech-

niques introduced by Anjo Anjewierden in PCE version 1 and 2.

Our special thanks go to those who had the fate of using the early versions of this system, sug-

gested extensions or reported bugs. Among them are Anjo Anjewierden, Huub Knops, Bob Wielinga,

Wouter Jansweijer, Luc Peerdeman, Eric Nombden, Frank van Harmelen, Bert Rengel.

Martin Jansche (jansche@novell1.gs.uni-heidelberg.de) has been so kind to reor-

ganise the sources for version 2.1.3 of this manual. Horst von Brand has been so kind to ﬁx many

typos in the 2.7.14 manual. Thanks! Randy Sharp ﬁxed many issues in the 6.0.x version of the manual.

Bart Demoen and Tom Schrijvers have helped me adding coroutining, constraints, global variables

and support for cyclic terms to the kernel. Tom Schrijvers has provided a ﬁrst clp(fd) constraint solver,

the CHR compiler and some of the coroutining predicates. Markus Triska contributed the current

clp(fd) implementation as well as the clp(b) implementation.

Tom Schrijvers and Bart Demoen initiated the implementation of delimited continuations (sec-

tion 4.10), which was used by Benoit Desouter and Tom Schrijvers to implement tabling (section ??)

as a library. Fabrizio Riguzzi added a ﬁrst implementation for mode directed tabling (section A.35).

The SWI-Prolog 7 extensions (section 5) are the result of a long heated discussion on the mail-

SWI-Prolog 7.6 Reference Manual

18 CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW

Starting SWI-Prolog on Windows

After SWI-Prolog has been installed on a Windows system, the following important new things are

available to the user:

• A folder (called directory in the remainder of this document) called swipl containing the

executables, libraries, etc., of the system. No ﬁles are installed outside this directory.

• A program swipl-win.exe, providing a window for interaction with Prolog. The program

swipl.exe is a version of SWI-Prolog that runs in a console window.

• The ﬁle extension .pl is associated with the program swipl-win.exe. Opening a .pl

ﬁle will cause swipl-win.exe to start, change directory to the directory in which the ﬁle to

open resides, and load this ﬁle.

The normal way to start the likes.pl ﬁle mentioned in section 2.1.1 is by simply double-

clicking this ﬁle in the Windows explorer.

2.1.2 Adding rules from the console

Although we strongly advice to put your program in a ﬁle, optionally edit it and use make/0 to reload

it (see section 2.1.4), it is possible to manage facts and rules from the terminal. The most conveniant

way to add a few clauses is by consulting the pseudo ﬁle user. The input is ended using the system

end-of-ﬁle character.

?- [user].

|: hello :- format(’Hello world˜n’).

|: ˆD

true.

?- hello.

Hello world

true.

The predicates assertz/1 and retract/1 are alternatives to add and remove rules and facts.

2.1.3 Executing a query

After loading a program, one can ask Prolog queries about the program. The query below asks Prolog

what food ‘sam’ likes. The system responds with X = hvaluei if it can prove the goal for a certain

X. The user can type the semi-colon (;) or spacebar

if (s)he wants another solution. Use the RETURN

key if you do not want to see the more answers. Prolog completes the output with a full stop (.) if

the user uses the RETURN key or Prolog knows there are no more answers. If Prolog cannot ﬁnd

(more) answers, it writes false. Finally, Prolog answers using an error message to indicate the query

or program contains an error.

On most installations, single-character commands are executed without waiting for the RETURN key.

SWI-Prolog 7.6 Reference Manual

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