CSS基础视觉格式：元素盒类型与布局详解

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Figure 1. e content area and its surroundings

Borders are generated using defined styles, such as solid or inset, and their colors

are set using the border-color property. If no color is set, then the border takes on

the foreground color of the element’s content. For example, if the text of a paragraph

is white, then any borders around that paragraph will be white, unless the author

explicitly declares a different border color. If a border style has gaps of some type,

then the element’s background is visible through those gaps by default. Finally, the

width of a border can never be negative.

The various components of an element box can be affected via a number of proper‐

ties, such as width or border-right. Many of these properties will be used in this

book, even though they aren’t defined here.

A Quick Refresher

Let’s quickly review the kinds of boxes we’ll be discussing, as well as some important

terms that are needed to follow the explanations to come:

Normal

ow

This is the left-to-right, top-to-bottom rendering of text in Western languages

and the familiar text layout of traditional HTML documents. Note that the flow

direction may be changed in non-Western languages. Most elements are in the

normal flow, and the only way for an element to leave the normal flow is to be

floated, positioned, or made into a flexible box or grid layout element. Remem‐

ber, the discussions in this chapter cover only elements in the normal flow.

Nonreplaced element

This is an element whose content is contained within the document. For exam‐

ple, a paragraph (p) is a nonreplaced element because its textual content is found

within the element itself.

2 | Basic Visual Formatting

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Replaced element

This is an element that serves as a placeholder for something else. The classic

example of a replaced element is the img element, which simply points to an

image file that is inserted into the document’s flow at the point where the img

element itself is found. Most form elements are also replaced (e.g., <input

type="radio">).

Root element

This is the element at the top of the document tree. In HTML documents, this is

the element html. In XML documents, it can be whatever the language permits;

for example, the root element of RSS files is rss.

Block box

This is a box that an element such as a paragraph, heading, or div generates.

These boxes generate “new lines” both before and after their boxes when in the

normal flow so that block boxes in the normal flow stack vertically, one after

another. Any element can be made to generate a block box by declaring display:

block.

Inline box

This is a box that an element such as strong or span generates. These boxes do

not generate “linebreaks” before or after themselves. Any element can be made to

generate an inline box by declaring display: inline.

Inline-block box

This is a box that is like a block box internally, but acts like an inline box exter‐

nally. It acts similar to, but not quite the same as, a replaced element. Imagine

picking up a div and sticking it into a line of text as if it were an inline image,

and you’ve got the idea.

There are several other types of boxes, such as table-cell boxes, but they won’t be cov‐

ered in this book for a variety of reasons—not the least of which is that their com‐

plexity demands a book of its own, and very few authors will actually wrestle with

them on a regular basis.

The Containing Block

There is one more kind of box that we need to examine in detail, and in this case

enough detail that it merits its own section: the containing block.

Every element’s box is laid out with respect to its containing block; in a very real way,

the containing block is the “layout context” for a box. CSS defines a series of rules for

determining a box’s containing block. We’ll cover only those rules that pertain to the

concepts covered in this book in order to keep our focus.

Basic Boxes | 3

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