C++编程语言教程

需积分: 9 170 浏览量更新于2024-07-18 收藏 1.21MB PDF 举报

"The C++ Language Tutorial" 是一个由Juan Soulié编写的C++编程语言指南，最后更新于2007年6月，并在c++reference.com网站上提供。这个教程涵盖了C++语言的基础到高级概念，是学习C++编程的重要资源。 C++是一种强大的、通用的编程语言，它在系统编程、应用软件、游戏开发、设备驱动程序等多个领域都有广泛的应用。C++是C语言的扩展，增加了面向对象编程（OOP）特性，如类、封装、继承和多态性，同时保留了C语言的底层控制和效率。本教程的内容可能包括以下几个部分： 1. 基础语法：介绍C++的基本数据类型（如int、char、float等），变量声明，运算符，流程控制（如if-else，switch，for，while循环）等。 2. 函数：讲述函数的定义、调用，参数传递，以及函数重载的概念。 3. 类与对象：这是C++的核心，会讲解类的定义，对象的创建，封装的概念，以及构造函数和析构函数的使用。 4. 继承与多态：介绍如何通过继承实现代码复用，多态性的概念，虚函数和纯虚函数的用法。 5. 模板：讲解函数模板和类模板，如何实现泛型编程。 6. 命名空间：如何使用命名空间来避免名称冲突。 7. 异常处理：学习如何在程序中捕获和处理错误，使用try-catch语句。 8. STL（标准模板库）：介绍容器（如vector、list、set等）、迭代器、算法和函数对象等STL组件。 9. 输入/输出流：讲解如何使用iostream库进行标准输入输出，包括cin和cout的使用。 10. 预处理器：涵盖宏定义、条件编译等预处理指令。 11. 内存管理：包括动态内存分配（new和delete操作），以及内存泄漏问题的预防。本教程的使用说明可能建议读者按照章节顺序逐步学习，结合实践编写代码，理解每个概念的实际运用。同时，可能强调不应复制或重新发布该文档的内容，除非是个人学习用途，且保持内容完整，尊重版权。《C++ Language Tutorial》是初学者和有一定经验的程序员深入理解C++语言的宝贵资料，通过阅读和实践，可以全面掌握C++编程的各个方面。

A first difference with fundamental data types is that in order to declare and use objects (variables) of this type we

need to include an additional header file in our source code: <string> and have access to the std namespace

(which we already had in all our previous programs thanks to the using namespace statement).

// my first string

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

string mystring = "This is a string";

cout << mystring;

return 0;

}

This is a string

As you may see in the previous example, strings can be initialized with any valid string literal just like numerical

type variables can be initialized to any valid numerical literal. Both initialization formats are valid with strings:

string mystring = "This is a string";

string mystring ("This is a string");

Strings can also perform all the other basic operations that fundamental data types can, like being declared without

an initial value and being assigned values during execution:

// my first string

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

string mystring;

mystring = "This is the initial string content";

cout << mystring << endl;

mystring = "This is a different string content";

cout << mystring << endl;

return 0;

}

This is the initial string content

This is a different string content

For more details on C++ strings, you can have a look at the string class reference.

Constants

Constants are expressions with a fixed value.

Literals

Literals are used to express particular values within the source code of a program. We have already used these

previously to give concrete values to variables or to express messages we wanted our programs to print out, for

example, when we wrote:

a = 5;

the 5 in this piece of code was a literal constant.

Literal constants can be divided in Integer Numerals, Floating-Point Numerals, Characters, Strings and Boolean

Values.

Integer Numerals

1776

707

-273

They are numerical constants that identify integer decimal values. Notice that to express a numerical constant we

do not have to write quotes (") nor any special character. There is no doubt that it is a constant: whenever we

write 1776 in a program, we will be referring to the value 1776.

In addition to decimal numbers (those that all of us are used to use every day) C++ allows the use as literal

constants of octal numbers (base 8) and hexadecimal numbers (base 16). If we want to express an octal number

we have to precede it with a 0 (zero character). And in order to express a hexadecimal number we have to precede

it with the characters 0x (zero, x). For example, the following literal constants are all equivalent to each other:

75 // decimal

0113 // octal

0x4b

// hexadecimal

All of these represent the same number: 75 (seventy-five) expressed as a base-10 numeral, octal numeral and

hexadecimal numeral, respectively.

Literal constants, like variables, are considered to have a specific data type. By default, integer literals are of type

int. However, we can force them to either be unsigned by appending the u character to it, or long by appending l:

75 // int

75u // unsigned int

75l // long

75ul

// unsigned long

In both cases, the suffix can be specified using either upper or lowercase letters.

Floating Point Numbers

They express numbers with decimals and/or exponents. They can include either a decimal point, an e character

(that expresses "by ten at the Xth height", where X is an integer value that follows the e character), or both a

decimal point and an e character:

3.14159 // 3.14159

6.02e23 // 6.02 x 10^23

1.6e-19 // 1.6 x 10^-19

3.0 // 3.0

These are four valid numbers with decimals expressed in C++. The first number is PI, the second one is the

number of Avogadro, the third is the electric charge of an electron (an extremely small number) -all of them

approximated- and the last one is the number three expressed as a floating-point numeric literal.

The default type for floating point literals is double. If you explicitly want to express a float or long double

numerical literal, you can use the f or l suffixes respectively:

3.14159L // long double

6.02e23f // float

Any of the letters that can be part of a floating-point numerical constant (e, f, l) can be written using either lower

or uppercase letters without any difference in their meanings.

Character and string literals

There also exist non-numerical constants, like:

'z'

'p'

"Hello world"

"How do you do?"

The first two expressions represent single character constants, and the following two represent string literals

composed of several characters. Notice that to represent a single character we enclose it between single quotes (')

and to express a string (which generally consists of more than one character) we enclose it between double quotes

(").

When writing both single character and string literals, it is necessary to put the quotation marks surrounding them

to distinguish them from possible variable identifiers or reserved keywords. Notice the difference between these

two expressions:

'x'

x alone would refer to a variable whose identifier is x, whereas 'x' (enclosed within single quotation marks) would

refer to the character constant 'x'.

Character and string literals have certain peculiarities, like the escape codes. These are special characters that are

difficult or impossible to express otherwise in the source code of a program, like newline (\n) or tab (\t). All of

them are preceded by a backslash (\). Here you have a list of some of such escape codes:

剩余143页未读，继续阅读

coldicecn

粉丝: 3
资源: 6

C++编程语言教程

The C++ Standard Library A Tutorial and Reference (2nd Edition).zip

The C++ Standard Library 2nd Edition(高清)pdf

C++ Language Tutorial

OpenGL Shading Language Tutorial

The C++ Programming Language (4th Edition)

.NET Programming with Visual C++: Tutorial, Reference, and Immediate Solutions

C++ tutorial for C users

A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language

The.C++.Standard.Library.A.Tutorial.and.Reference.2nd.Edition

Rust-Programming-Language-Tutorial-Basics.pdf

最新资源