Lua编程指南（第三版）

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"Programming in Lua（第三版）是关于学习Lua编程语言及其与C语言嵌入技术的权威指南，特别针对最新版本Lua 5.2进行了更新。由Roberto Ierusalimschy撰写，他在PUC-Rio大学工作，并在Lua.org上活跃。此书涵盖了Lua的各个方面，包括语法、数据结构、模块、错误处理等，并提供了深入的解释和示例，旨在帮助读者精通Lua编程。" 编程语言Lua是一种轻量级、动态类型的脚本语言，常用于游戏开发、嵌入式系统和服务器端应用。Programming in Lua（第三版）是学习该语言的重要资源，它详细介绍了Lua的核心概念和技术。书中： 1. **基础语法**：讲解了Lua的变量、控制结构（如if语句和循环）、函数定义和调用，以及元编程特性，如元表和元方法。 2. **数据类型**：涵盖了Lua的多种内置数据类型，包括数字、字符串、布尔值、表（作为通用的数据结构）、函数和nil。特别强调了表的灵活性，它是Lua中的主要数据结构，可以模拟数组、集合、对象等。 3. **表操作**：详细阐述了表的创建、访问和操作，以及基于弱引用的垃圾收集机制。 4. **模块系统**：介绍如何使用模块来组织代码，以及如何通过require函数加载和导出模块。 5. **错误处理**：讨论了如何在Lua中进行错误处理，包括try-catch机制和使用错误信息。 6. **环境和C接口**：探讨了如何将Lua嵌入到C程序中，使用Lua的C API创建自定义函数、操作Lua状态机，以及如何在Lua和C之间传递数据。 7. **高级话题**：涵盖了元编程、协程（轻量级线程）和垃圾收集的详细信息，这些特性使Lua具有强大的动态性和效率。 8. **附录和索引**：提供了完整的函数参考、语言和库的变更日志，以及一个方便的索引，便于读者查找特定信息。这本书不仅适合初学者，也对有经验的Lua程序员有价值，因为它深入解析了Lua的内部工作原理，有助于提升编程技巧和解决问题的能力。通过阅读和实践书中的例子，读者能够全面掌握Lua编程，并能够有效地利用其特性来解决实际问题。

Nmap users tend to think of Lua as the language of the Nmap Scripting Engine;

players of World of Warcraft may regard Lua as a language exclusive to that

game.

Lua is useful also as a stand-alone language, not only for text-processing and

one-shot little programs, but increasingly for medium-to-large projects, too. For

such uses, the main functionality of Lua comes from libraries. The standard

libraries, for instance, offer basic pattern matching and other functions for

string handling. As Lua improves its support for libraries, there has been a

proliferation of external packages. Lua Rocks, a deployment and management

system for Lua modules, currently features more than 150 packages.

Finally, there are those programmers that work on the other side of the

bench, writing applications that use Lua as a C library. Those people will

program more in C than in Lua, although they need a good understanding of

Lua to create interfaces that are simple, easy to use, and well integrated with

the language.

This book has much to offer to all these people. The ﬁrst part covers the

language itself, showing how we can explore all its potential. We focus on

different language constructs and use numerous examples and exercises to show

how to use them for practical tasks. Some chapters in this part cover basic

concepts, such as control structures, while others cover topics more advanced,

such as iterators and coroutines.

The second part is entirely devoted to tables, the sole data structure in Lua.

Its chapters discuss data structures, persistence, packages, and object-oriented

programming. There we will unveil the real power of the language.

The third part presents the standard libraries. This part is particularly

useful for those that use Lua as a stand-alone language, although many other

applications also incorporate all or part of the standard libraries. This part

devotes one chapter to each standard library: the mathematical library, the

bitwise library, the table library, the string library, the I/O library, the operating

system library, and the debug library.

Finally, the last part of the book covers the API between Lua and C, for those

that use C to get the full power of Lua. The ﬂavor of this part is necessarily

quite different from the rest of the book. There, we will be programming in C,

not in Lua; therefore, we will be wearing a different hat. For some readers, the

discussion of the C API may be of marginal interest; for others, it may be the

most relevant part of this book.

About the Third Edition

This book is an updated and expanded version of the second edition of Program-

ming in Lua (also known as the PiL 2 book). Although the book structure is

virtually the same, this new edition has substantial new material.

First, I have updated the whole book to Lua 5.2. Of particular relevance is the

chapter about environments, which was mostly rewritten. I also rewrote several

examples to show how to beneﬁt from the new features offered by Lua 5.2.

Personal copy of Santa Claus <merrychristmas@zippymail.info>

xvi Preface

Nevertheless, I clearly marked the differences from Lua 5.1, so you can use the

book for that version too.

Second, and more important, I have added exercises to all chapters of the

book. These exercises range from simple questions about the language to full

small-size projects. Several exercises illustrate important aspects of program-

ming in Lua and are as important as the examples to expand your toolbox of

useful techniques.

As we did with the ﬁrst and second editions of Programming in Lua, we self-

published this third edition. Despite the limited marketing, this avenue brings

several beneﬁts: we have total control over the book contents; we keep the full

rights to offer the book in other forms; we have freedom to choose when to release

another edition; and we can ensure that the book does not go out of print.

Other Resources

The reference manual is a must for anyone who wants to really learn a language.

This book does not replace the Lua reference manual. Quite the opposite, they

complement each other. The manual only describes Lua. It shows neither

examples nor a rationale for the constructs of the language. On the other hand,

it describes the whole language; this book skips over seldom-used dark corners of

Lua. Moreover, the manual is the authoritative document about Lua. Wherever

this book disagrees with the manual, trust the manual. To get the manual and

more information about Lua, visit the Lua site at

http://www.lua.org

You can also ﬁnd useful information at the Lua users’ site, kept by the

community of users at

http://lua-users.org

. Among other resources, it offers

a tutorial, a list of third-party packages and documentation, and an archive of

the ofﬁcial Lua mailing list.

This book describes Lua 5.2, although most of its contents also apply to

Lua 5.1 and Lua 5.0. The few differences between Lua 5.2 and older Lua 5

versions are clearly marked in the text. If you are using a more recent version

(released after the book), check the corresponding manual for occasional differ-

ences between versions. If you are using a version older than 5.2, this is a good

time to consider an upgrade.

A Few Typographical Conventions

The book encloses “

literal strings

” between double quotes and single charac-

ters, such as ‘

’, between single quotes. Strings that are used as patterns are

also enclosed between single quotes, like ‘

[%w_]*

’. The book uses a typewriter

font both for

chunks of code

and for

identifiers

. For reserved words, it uses

a boldface font. Larger chunks of code are shown in display style:

-- program "Hello World"

print("Hello World") --> Hello World

The notation

-->

shows the output of a statement or, occasionally, the result of

an expression:

Personal copy of Santa Claus <merrychristmas@zippymail.info>

xvii

print(10) --> 10

13 + 3 --> 16

Because a double hyphen (

) starts a comment in Lua, there is no problem

if you include these annotations in your programs. Finally, the book uses the

notation

<-->

to indicate that something is equivalent to something else:

this <--> that

Running the Examples

You will need a Lua interpreter to run the examples in this book. Ideally, you

should use Lua 5.2, but most of the examples run also on Lua 5.1 without

modiﬁcations.

The Lua site (

http://www.lua.org

) keeps the source code for the interpreter.

If you have a C compiler and a working knowledge of how to compile C code

in your machine, you should try to install Lua from its source code; it is really

easy. The Lua Binaries site (search for

luabinaries

) offers precompiled Lua

interpreters for most major platforms. If you use Linux or another UNIX-like

system, you may check the repository of your distribution; several distributions

already offer a package with Lua. For Windows, a good option is Lua for Win-

dows (search for

luaforwindows

), which is a “batteries-included environment”

for Lua. It includes the interpreter and an integrated text editor, plus many

libraries.

If you are using Lua embedded in an application, such as WoW or Nmap,

you may need to refer to the application manual (or to a “local guru”) to learn

how to run your programs. Nevertheless, Lua is still the same language; most

things that we will see in this book are valid regardless of how you are using

Lua. Nevertheless, I recommend that you start your study of Lua using the

stand-alone interpreter to run your ﬁrst examples and experiments.

Acknowledgments

It is almost ten years since I published the ﬁrst edition of this book. Several

friends and institutions have helped me along this journey.

As always, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo and Waldemar Celes, Lua coauthors,

offered all kinds of help. André Carregal, Asko Kauppi, Brett Kapilik, Diego

Nehab, Edwin Moragas, Fernando Jefferson, Gavin Wraith, John D. Ramsdell,

and Norman Ramsey provided invaluable suggestions and useful insights for

diverse editions of this book.

Luiza Novaes, head of the Arts & Design Department at PUC-Rio, managed

to ﬁnd some time in her busy schedule to create an ideal cover for this edition.

Lightning Source, Inc. proved a reliable and efﬁcient option for printing and

distributing the book. Without them, the option of self-publishing the book

would not be an option.

Personal copy of Santa Claus <merrychristmas@zippymail.info>

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