DirectX 11游戏编程入门指南

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"Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 11.pdf" 这是一本由Frank D. Luna编著的专业书籍，介绍了使用DirectX 11进行3D游戏编程的基础知识和技术。DirectX 11是Microsoft开发的一套API（应用程序接口），广泛用于Windows平台上的图形渲染、音频处理和游戏开发。本书作为“DX11龙书”，在游戏开发领域具有很高的权威性，适合初学者和有一定经验的开发者阅读。书中涵盖了3D图形学的基本概念，如向量和矩阵运算，这些是理解3D空间变换和渲染的基础。此外，作者详细解释了DirectX 11中的关键组件，如Direct3D，它是处理3D图形的主要部分。Direct3D允许开发者直接控制硬件加速的图形处理，包括顶点缓冲、索引缓冲、纹理映射、光照计算等。 Frank D. Luna还深入讨论了DirectX 11的新特性和改进，比如： 1. 多线程支持：DirectX 11增强了对多核心处理器的利用，使得游戏性能得到提升。 2. 全新硬件支持：介绍了新的着色器模型（如HLSL，High-Level Shader Language），使开发者可以更高效地编写图形着色代码。 3. 图形调试工具：书中会介绍如何使用DirectX SDK中的图形调试工具，帮助开发者定位和修复图形问题。 4. 多纹理和混合技术：详细讲解了如何实现复杂的纹理贴图和混合效果，为游戏画面增添真实感。 5. 深度缓冲和模板操作：用于处理物体的层次关系和透明效果。 6. 多采样抗锯齿：提高图像质量，减少渲染时产生的锯齿现象。除此之外，书中还会涵盖一些高级主题，如后期处理特效、物理模拟、碰撞检测、动画系统等，这些都是构建现代3D游戏不可或缺的部分。通过大量的实例和练习，读者将能够逐步掌握DirectX 11的使用，从而具备开发复杂3D游戏的能力。 “Introduction to 3D Game Programming with DirectX 11”是一本全面介绍3D游戏编程的指南，它不仅适合想要学习DirectX 11的初学者，也对有经验的开发者提供了一种深入理解3D图形编程的途径。通过阅读本书，读者将能够构建自己的3D游戏引擎，开启游戏开发之旅。

Chapter 24 Quaternions
1 Review of the Complex Numbers
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Geometric Interpretation
1.3 Polar Representation and Rotations
2 Quaternion Algebra
2.1 Definition and Basic Operations
2.2 Special Products
2.3 Properties
2.4 Conversions
2.5 Conjugate and Norm
2.6 Inverses
2.7 Polar Representation
3 Unit Quaternions and Rotations
3.1 Rotation Operator
3.2 Quaternion Rotation Operator to Matrix
3.3 Matrix to Quaternion Rotation Operator
3.4 Composition
4 Quaternion Interpolation
5 XNA Math Quaternion Functions
6 Rotation Demo
7 Summary
8 Exercises
Chapter 25 Character Animation
1 Frame Hierarchies
1.1 Mathematical Formulation
2 Skinned Meshes
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Reformulating a Bones To-Root Transform
2.3 The Offset Transform
2.4 Animating the Skeleton
2.5 Calculating the Final Transform
3 Vertex Blending
4 Loading .m3d Animation Data
4.1 Skinned Vertex Data
4.2 Bone Offset Transforms
4.3 Hierarchy
4.4 Animation Data
4.5 M3DLoader
5 Character Animation Demo
6 Summary
7 Exercises
Appendix A: Introduction to Windows Programming
A.l Overview
A.1.1 Resources
A.1.2 Events, the Message Queue, Messages, and the Message Loop…
A.1.3 GUI
A.1.4 Unicode
A.2 Basic Windows Application
A.3 Explaining the Basic Windows Application
A.3.1 Includes, Global Variables, and Prototypes
A.3.2 WinMain
A.3.3 WNDCLASS and Registration
A.3.4 Creating and Displaying the Window
A.3.5 The Message Loop
A.3.6 The Window Procedure

INTRODUCTION

Direct3D 11 is a rendering library for writing high performance 3D graphics applications using modern graphics hardware on the

Windows platform. (A modified version of DirectX 9 is used on the XBOX 360.) Direct3D is a low-level library in the sense that its

application programming interface (API) closely models the underlying graphics hardware it controls. The predominant consumer of

Direct3D is the games industry, where higher level rendering engines are built on top of Direct3D. However, other industries need high

performance interactive 3D graphics as well, such as medical and scientific visualization and architectural walkthrough. In addition,

with every new PC being equipped with a modern graphics card, non-3 D applications are beginning to take advantage of the GPU

(graphics processing unit) to offload work to the graphics card for intensive calculations; this is known as general purpose GPU

computing, and Direct3D 11 provides the compute shader API for writing general purpose GPU programs. Although Direct3D is

usually programmed from native C++, stable .NET wrappers exist for Direct3D (e.g., http://slimdx.org/) so that you can access this

powerful 3D graphics API from managed applications. Finally, at their 2011 BUILD conference ( http://www.buildwindows.com/),

Microsoft recently showed that Direct3D 11 will play the key role in writing high performance 3D "Metro" applications in Windows 8.

All-in-all, the future looks bright for Direct3D developers.

This book presents an introduction to programming interactive computer graphics, with an emphasis on game development, using

Direct3D 11. It teaches the fundamentals of Direct3D and shader programming, after which the reader will be prepared to go on and

learn more advanced techniques. The book is divided into three main parts. Part I explains the mathematical tools that will be used

throughout this book. Part II shows how to implement fundamental tasks in Direct3D, such as initialization, defining 3D geometry,

setting up cameras, creating vertex, pixel, geometry, and compute shaders, lighting, texturing, blending, stenciling, and tessellation. Part

III is largely about applying Direct3D to implement a variety of interesting techniques and special effects, such as working with

meshes, terrain rendering, picking, particle systems, environment mapping, normal mapping, displacement mapping, real-time shadows,

and ambient occlusion.

For the beginner, this book is best read front to back. The chapters have been organized so that the difficulty increases

progressively with each chapter. In this way, there are no sudden jumps in complexity leaving the reader lost. In general, for a

particular chapter, we will use the techniques and concepts previously developed. Therefore, it is important that you have mastered the

material of a chapter before continuing. Experienced readers can pick the chapters of interest.

Finally, you may be wondering what kinds of games you can develop after reading this book. The answer to that question is best

obtained by skimming through this book and seeing the types of applications that are developed. From that you should be able to

visualize the types of games that can be developed based on the techniques taught in this book and some of your own ingenuity.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This book was designed with the following three audiences in mind:

1. Intermediate level C++ programmers who would like an introduction to 3D programming using the latest iteration of Direct3D.

2. 3D programmers experienced with an API other than DirectX (e.g., OpenGL) who would like an introduction to Direct3D 11.

3. Experienced Direct3D 9 and Direct3D 11 programmers wishing to learn the latest iteration of Direct3D.

PREREQUISITES

It should be emphasized that this is an introduction to Direct3D 11, shader programming, and 3D game programming; it is not an

introduction to general computer programming. The reader should satisfy the following prerequisites:

1. High School mathematics: algebra, trigonometry, and (mathematical) functions, for example.

2. Competent with Visual Studio: should know how to create projects, add files, and specify external libraries to link, for example.

3. Intermediate C++ and data structure skills: comfortable with pointers, arrays, operator overloading, linked lists, inheritance, and

polymorphism, for example.

4. Familiarity with Windows programming with the Win32 API is helpful, but not required; we provide a Win32 primer in Appendix

REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND HARDWARE

To program Direct3D 11 applications, you will need the DirectX 11 SDK; the latest version can be downloaded from

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/directx/ default.aspx. Once downloaded, follow the instructions given by the installation wizard. At the

time of this writing, the latest SDK version is the June 2010 DirectX SDK. All of our sample programs were written using Visual

Studio 2010.

Direct3D 11 requires Direct3D 11 capable hardware. The demos in this book were tested on a Geforce GTX 460.

USE OF THE D3DX LIBRARY

Since version 7.0, DirectX has shipped with the D3DX (Direct3D Extension) library. This library provides a set of functions, classes,

and interfaces that simplify common 3D graphics related operations, such as math operations, texture and image operations, mesh

operations, and shader operations (e.g., compiling and assembling). That is to say, D3DX contains many features that would be a

chore to implement on your own.

We use the D3DX library throughout this book because it allows us to focus on more interesting material. For instance, we would

rather not spend pages explaining how to load various image formats (e.g., .bmp, .jpeg) into a Direct3D texture interface when we can

do it in a single call to the D3DX function D3DxiicreateTextureFromFiie. In other words, D3DX makes us more

productive and lets us focus more on actual content rather than spending time reinventing the wheel.

Other reasons to use D3DX:

1. D3DX is general and can be used with a wide range of different types of 3D applications.

2. D3DX is fast, at least as fast as general functionality can be.

3. Other developers use D3DX. Therefore, you will most likely encounter code that uses D3DX. Consequently, whether you choose

to use D3DX or not, you should become familiar with it so that you can read code that uses it.

4. D3DX already exists and has been thoroughly tested. Furthermore, it becomes more improved and feature rich with each iteration

of DirectX.

USING THE DIRECTX SDK DOCUMENTATION AND SDK SAMPLES

Direct3D is a huge API and we cannot hope to cover all of its details in this one book. Therefore, to obtain extended information it is

imperative that you learn how to use the DirectX SDK documentation. You can launch the C++ DirectX online documentation by

executing the windows_graphics.chm file in the DirectX SDK\Documentation\DirectX9 directory, where DirectX SDK is the

directory you installed DirectX to. In particular, you will want to navigate to the Direct3D 11 section (see Figure 1).

The DirectX documentation covers just about every part of the DirectX API; therefore it is very useful as a reference, but

because the documentation doesn't go into much depth, or assumes some previous knowledge, it isn't the best learning tool. However,

it does get better and better with every new DirectX version released.

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