理解Web应用架构：原理、协议与实践

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"Web Application Architecture Principles, protocols and practices" 是一本深入探讨Web应用程序架构的书籍，作者Leon Shklar和Richard Rosen。该书由Dow Jones and Company出版，旨在帮助初涉Web应用开发领域的读者理解和掌握构建Web应用的基础技术。本书的重点在于阐述Web应用架构的概念和原理，而非仅仅关注具体的编程细节。尽管书中可能包含如RoR（Ruby on Rails）2.0与JEE（Java Enterprise Edition）等框架的对比，但主要目标是提供一个全面的理解基础，以支撑开发者在未来的工作中做出明智的设计决策。虽然初看之下，这些基础知识可能看似不那么实用，但它们对长期职业发展和构建高质量Web应用的重要性不容忽视。 Web应用架构的关键原则包括分层设计、模块化、可扩展性、可维护性和安全性。分层设计允许每个部分专注于特定功能，如表示层、业务逻辑层和数据访问层。模块化则有助于代码复用和降低复杂性。可扩展性确保应用能够随着用户需求或流量的增长而扩展。可维护性强调代码的清晰性和文档的重要性，以便未来修改和升级。安全性方面，涵盖了防止SQL注入、跨站脚本攻击(XSS)和其他网络安全威胁的最佳实践。书中的协议部分可能涉及HTTP(S)、WebSocket、FTP等，这些都是Web通信的基础。HTTP(S)用于客户端和服务器之间的数据传输，WebSocket提供了双向实时通信的能力，而FTP则常用于文件上传和下载。实践部分可能涵盖开发流程、测试策略、部署策略以及性能优化。例如，持续集成和持续部署(CI/CD)可以加速开发周期，自动化测试确保代码质量，而负载均衡和缓存策略则能提升应用性能。 "Web Application Architecture Principles, protocols and practices" 是一本适合初学者和有经验开发者回顾的资源，它提供了构建高效、可扩展且安全的Web应用所需的知识框架。通过学习，读者将能够更好地理解Web应用的内部工作原理，从而更好地设计和实现自己的应用项目。

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my wife Rita and daughter Victoria for their insightful ideas

about this project. I also wish to thank my mother and the rest of my family for

their support and understanding.

Leon Shklar

Thanks to my wife, Celia, for tolerating and enduring all the insanity associated

with the writing process, and to my parents and the rest of my family for all they

have done, not only in helping me ﬁnish this book, but in enabling Celia and me

to have the most fantastic wedding ever in the midst of all this.

Rich Rosen

We would both like to acknowledge the following people for their guidance and

assistance:

• Karen Mosman and Jill Jeffries at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd for getting this book

off the ground,

• Our editor, Gaynor Redvers-Mutton, and her assistant, Jonathan Shipley, for light-

ing the ﬁre underneath us that ﬁnally got us to ﬁnish it.

• Nigel Chapman and Bruce Campbell for taking the time to review our work and

provide us with valuable insights and advice.

• And ﬁnally, our friends and colleagues from the glory days of Pencom Web

Works—especially Howard Fishman, Brad Lohnes, Dave Makower, and Evan

Coyne Maloney—whose critiques, comments, and contributions were as thor-

ough, methodical, and nitpicky (and we mean that in a good way!) as an author

could ever hope for.

2 Introduction

into the realms of wireless devices, personal digital assistants, and the next generation

of Internet appliances.

1.2 THE ORIGINS OF THE WEB

Tim Berners-Lee originally promoted the World Wide Web as a virtual library, a doc-

ument control system for sharing information resources among researchers. Online

documents could be accessed v ia a unique document address, a Universal Resource

Locator (URL). These documents could be cross-referenced via hypertext links.

Hypertext

Ted Nelson, father of the Xanadu Project, coined the term ‘hypertext’ over 30 years

ago, as a way of describing ‘non-sequential writing—text that branches and allows

choice to the reader.’ Unlike the static text of print media, it is intended for use with

an interactive computer screen. It is open, ﬂuid and mutable, and can be connected to

other pieces of hypertext by ‘links’.

The term was extended under the name hypermedia to refer not only to text, but to

other media as well, including graphics, audio, and video. However, the original term

hypertext persists as the label for technology that connects documents and information

resources through links.

From the very beginnings of Internet technology, there has been a dream of

using the Internet as a universal medium for exchanging information over computer

networks. Many people shared this dream. Ted Nelson’s Xanadu project aspired

to make that dream a reality, but the goals were lofty and were never fully real-

ized. Internet ﬁle sharing services (such as FTP and Gopher) and message forum

services (such as Netnews) provided increasingly powerful mechanisms for this

sort of information exchange, and certainly brought us closer to fulﬁlling those

goals.

However, it took Tim Berners-Lee to (in his own words) “marry together” the

notion of hypertext with the power of the Internet, bringing those initial dreams

to fruition in a way that the earliest developers of both hypertext and Internet

technology might never have imagined. His vision was to connect literally everything

together, in a uniform and universal way.

From Web Pages to Web Sites 3

Internet Protocols are the Foundation of Web Technology

It should be noted that the Web did not come into existence in a vacuum. The Web is

built on top of core Internet protocols that had been in existence for many years prior to

the Web’s inception. Understanding the relationship between ‘Web technology’ and the

underlying Internet protocols is fundamental to the design and implementation of true

‘Web applications’. In fact, it is the exploitation of that relationship that distinguishes

a ‘Web page’ or ‘Web site’ from a ‘Web application’.

1.3 FROM WEB PAGES TO WEB SITES

The explosively exponential growth of the Web can at least partially be attributed to

its grass roots proliferation as a tool for personal publishing. The fundamental tech-

nology behind the Web is relatively simple. A computer connected to the Internet,

running a Web server, was all that was necessary to serve documents. Both CERN

and the National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA) at the University

of Illinois had developed freely available Web server software. A small amount of

HTML knowledge (and the proper computing resources) got you something that

couldbecalledaWeb site.

Primitive Web Sites from the Pre-Cambrian Era

Early Web sites were, in fact, just loosely connected sets of pages, branched off

hierarchically from a home page. HTML lets you link one page to another, and a

collection of pages linked together could be considered a ‘Web site’. But a Web site

in this day and age is more than just a conglomeration of Web pages.

Granted, when the Web was in its infancy, the only computers connected to the

Internet and capable of running server software were run by academic institutions

and well-connected technology companies. Smaller computers, in any case, were

hardly in abundance back then. In those days, a ‘personal’ computer sitting on your

desktop was still a rarity. If you wanted access to any sort of computing power, you

used a terminal that let you ‘log in’ to a large server or mainframe over a direct

connection or dialup phone line.

Still, among those associated with such organizations, it quickly became a very

simple process to create your own Web pages. Moreover, all that was needed was

a simple text editor. The original HTML language was simple enough that, even

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