OpenSceneGraph入门教程：快速上手指南

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"OpenSceneGraph Quick Start Guide 是一份面向初学者的开源场景图API快速入门教程，由Paul Martz编写，旨在介绍这个跨平台的3D图形库的基本使用方法。" OpenSceneGraph（OSG）是一个高效、高性能的C++库，用于构建3D图形应用程序。它提供了一个强大的场景图API，允许开发者创建复杂的3D场景，进行渲染、动画、交互以及其他图形处理任务。本教程是针对想要了解和学习OSG的开发者的快速入门指南。在教程中，读者将学习到如何设置和配置OpenSceneGraph环境，包括安装必要的依赖项和库。接着，会逐步讲解如何创建基本的3D几何形状，如立方体、球体和圆柱体，并展示如何将这些形状组合成更复杂的3D模型。OSG的场景图结构会被详细介绍，它是如何组织和管理3D对象的层次关系，以及如何通过变换节点来控制物体的位置、旋转和缩放。此外，教程还会涵盖光照和材质的概念，这是3D渲染中的关键元素。读者将学会如何添加光源，设置材质属性，以及利用纹理映射技术增强模型的视觉效果。同时，OSG的动画系统也会被讲解，包括关键帧动画和时间线控制，使得3D对象可以动态变化。在交互性方面，OSG支持多种输入设备，如鼠标和键盘，可以用于控制视角和与3D世界互动。教程会指导读者如何实现这些功能，包括创建自定义的事件处理器。最后，教程可能还会涉及性能优化技巧，如批处理渲染和视锥体剪裁，以提高大型场景的处理效率。此外，OpenSceneGraph的扩展性和模块化设计意味着它支持多种附加模块，如osgSim（仿真）、osgDB（数据读写）和osgViewer（图形窗口和相机管理），这些也会在教程中有所提及。《OpenSceneGraph Quick Start Guide》是开发者踏入3D图形编程领域的理想起点，通过学习，读者可以掌握使用OSG开发3D应用的基础技能，并为进一步深入研究和实践打下坚实基础。

2 An Overview of Scene Graphs and OpenSceneGraph

name was changed to OpenSceneGraph, and initially nine people were on the osg-users

email list.

In late 2000, Brede Johansen made the first major public contribution to

OpenSceneGraph when he added the OpenFlight OSG plugin module. He developed

the plugin while employed at Kongsberg Maritime Ship Simulation, Kongsberg,

Norway, which ships the OSG-based SeaView R5 visual system product.

In 2001, Robert began to develop OSG on a fulltime basis, doing business as

OpenSceneGraph Professional Services. At this time, he designed and implemented

many of the core features found in OSG today. One of Robert’s early clients was the

Glasgow Science Center’s Virtual Reality Theatre, which commissioned work that

eventually evolved into the Present3D application (3D-based presentation software).

Don moved on to Keyhole Technologies (now the Google Earth department of

Google) and subsequently resigned in 2001. He also formed his own company, Andes

Computer Engineering, based in San Jose, California, primarily to continue with OSG

development. The first OpenSceneGraph birds-of-a-feather (BOF) meeting occurred at

SIGGRAPH 2001. While only 12 people attended, the audience included

representatives from Magic Earth, who were looking for an open source scene graph

library to support their oil and gas application. They decided to contract with both Don

and Robert for support and development, and became OSG’s first paying customer.

Each year, attendance at the OSG BOF continued to grow. The osg-users email list

membership continues to grow at a phenomenal pace, as Figure 1-1 illustrates. When

this book went to press, the osg-users email list had more than 1700 subscribers.

OSG features and add-on libraries were developed at a rapid pace. In 2003, the OSG

companion library, Producer (originally called OSGMP), was created to provide a

multipipe rendering capability for Magic Earth. In 2004, large database paging, terrain

support, and shader support were added. 2006 included a complete revamp of the

OpenFlight plugin, as well as the creation of osgViewer, an integrated library for

managing and rendering views of a scene.

Figure 1-1

osg-users email list growth

The osg-users email list has grown significantly over time.

OpenSceneGraph Quick Start Guide 3

Today, several hundred high-performance applications use OSG to manage rendering

complex 2D and 3D scenes. Though most OSG-based applications are in the

visualization and simulation industries, OSG is found in nearly every field that employs

3D graphics, including geographic information systems (GIS), computer-aided design

(CAD), modeling and digital content creation (DCC), database development, virtual

reality, animation, gaming, and entertainment.

1.2 Installing OSG

The previous section describes OSG’s origin. This section explains how to obtain and

install OSG, so you can run OSG examples and develop your own OSG applications.

OSG is under constant development; the OSG community fixes bugs and adds new

features to OSG on a daily basis. This book documents OSG v2.0, and describes

features that aren’t present in previous releases. Check the OSG Wiki Web site

[OSGWiki] for information on the latest available release.

The OSG Wiki Web site [OSGWiki] offers many packages and mechanisms for

downloading OSG:

• Runtime binaries—Use an OSG runtime binary package to install the OSG

libraries necessary to run OSG examples and applications.

• OSG source code—OSG developers should obtain a copy of the OSG source

code. OSG provides many mechanisms for obtaining a complete OSG source

code tree. You can obtain a compressed archive of a stable OSG release,

download a nightly tarball (a compressed archive of the current source) or use

Subversion (SVN) to check out the current source.

• Third-party dependencies—If you’re building OSG from source, some

optional components require non-OSG software packages, such as libTIFF,

libPNG, etc. If these third-party components aren’t present on your build

system, the optional OSG components fail to build.

• Sample dataset—This is a collection of 2D images, 3D models, and other data

files.

The following sections describe how to obtain and install the OSG runtime binaries.

Although OSG runs on a wide variety of platforms, only Apple Mac OS X, Fedora

Linux, and Microsoft Windows are covered here. For information on obtaining OSG

for other platforms, see the OSG Wiki Web site [OSGWiki].

If installable binaries aren’t available for your platform, or to create your own OSG

development kit, you’ll need to build OSG from source code. For information on

obtaining OSG source code, the third party dependencies, and the sample dataset, refer

to the OSG Wiki Web site [OSGWiki].

4 An Overview of Scene Graphs and OpenSceneGraph

1.2.1 Hardware Requirements

OSG runs on a wide variety of hardware platforms and operating systems, and should

run on most computer systems available today.

• Processor—OSG can be compiled to run on most contemporary CPUs. OSG

is thread-safe and can take advantage of multi-processor and dual core

architectures. OSG runs on both 32- and 64-bit processors.

• Graphics—Your system should feature an AGP or PCI-Express graphics card.

OSG runs on most professional- and consumer-grade graphics hardware

designed for modeling, simulation, and gaming. OSG requires graphics

hardware with robust OpenGL support. Obtain and install the latest OpenGL

device driver from your graphics hardware vendor. OSG’s onboard graphics

RAM requirements vary based on your usage, but 256MB is a good starting

point. OSG runs on multi-pipe systems, and can take advantage of multiple

graphics cards to increase rendering speed.

• RAM—The minimum system RAM requirement varies depending on the

amount and type of data you intend to display with OSG. 1GB is a good

starting point, but you might need more for larger data sets.

• Disk—Like RAM, the amount of secondary storage depends on your data

requirements. As with any application, fast RPM and large disk caches can

reduce data load times.

1.2.2 Apple Mac OS X

OSG for Apple Mac OS X is available from the OSG Wiki Web site [OSGWiki] as a

disk image (.dmg) file. It contains both run-time binaries and a full development

environment. See the OSG Apple QuickTime documentation [MacOSXTips] for

complete details. To install this package, perform the following steps.

1. From the OSG Wiki Web site [OSGWiki], select Downloads.

2. Download the OSG Universal Binaries for OSG v2.0. This is a .dmg file.

3. After the download completes, mount the .dmg file.

4. Drag the contents of the .dmg Frameworks folder into /Library/Frameworks.

5. In /Library/Application Support, create a new folder called OpenSceneGraph.

Drag PlugIns from the .dmg into this folder. (Note the mixed upper- and

lower-case spelling of “PlugIns”, required on some systems.)

1.2.3 Fedora Linux

OSG is also available for other flavors of Linux. Many Linux environments provide a

package installer interface that allows you to search for a package and install it. For

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