CC Mode 编辑器模式手册：用于C++，Objective-C，Java等语言

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"CC Mode 手册" CC Mode是Emacs和XEmacs编辑器中用于编辑C语言及其语法相似的其他语言（如C++、Objective-C、Java、CORBA的IDL、Pike和AWK）的一个模式。它在Emacs和XEmacs中都是标准包。手册由Barry A. Warsaw、Martin Stjernholm和Alan Mackenzie等人编写，并受Free Software Foundation的GNU General Public License保护。手册的内容涵盖了从1995年至2007年的多个版本，允许用户自由分发和修改，但需遵循GPL的条款。如果你没有收到GNU General Public License的副本，可以在GNU的官方网站上找到或联系Free Software Foundation获取。手册的最新修订版是$Revision: 5.241.2.12$，基于$RCS文件：cc-mode.texi,v$，该文件可以从指定的CVS源代码库下载地址获取。第一章介绍了CC Mode的基本概念。在实际使用中，CC Mode提供了丰富的功能，包括但不限于自动缩进、代码补全、语法高亮、括号匹配以及代码折叠等，这些功能极大地提升了编写和编辑C类语言代码的效率。对于C++，它支持处理模板、命名空间和其他复杂特性；对于Java，它能处理类、接口等面向对象的元素。此外，手册会详细讲解如何在Emacs或XEmacs中配置和使用CC Mode，包括设置语言特定的关键绑定、自定义编译命令、错误处理和跳转，以及与其他Emacs扩展集成的方法。通过学习手册，用户可以深入了解如何利用CC Mode的各种特性来优化编程环境，提高编程效率。 CC Mode手册是C/C++等语言开发者的宝贵资源，它帮助开发者更好地利用Emacs或XEmacs的强大功能，实现高效、便捷的代码编写和管理。手册详细阐述了CC Mode的各项功能和使用方法，对初学者和经验丰富的程序员来说都是极具价值的参考资料。

Chapter 4: Commands 14

If you prefer, you can insert ‘::’ in a sin gle operation, avoiding all these spurious

reindentations, newlines, an d clean-ups. See Section 4.10 [Other Commands],

page 17.

;

, Typing a semicolon or comma (bound to c-electric-semi&comma) reindents

the current line. Also, a newline might be inserted if auto-newline minor mode

is enabled. See Section 4.7 [Auto-newlines], page 14. Additionally, you can

conﬁgure CC Mo de so that when auto-newline h as inserted whitespace after a

‘}’, it will be removed again when you type a semicolon or comma just after it.

See Chapter 9 [Clean-ups], page 40.

[Command]c-electric-continued-statement

Certain keywords are electric, causing reindentation when they are preceded only by

whitespace on the line. The keyword s are those th at continue an earlier statement

instead of starting a new one: else, while, catch (only in C++ and Java) and finally

(only in Java).

An example:

for (i = 0; i < 17; i++)

if (a[i])

res += a[i]->offset;

else

Here, the else should be indented like the preceding if, since it continues that

statement. CC Mode will automatically reindent it after the else has been typed

in full, since only then is it possible to decide whether it’s a new statement or a

continuation of the preceding if.

CC Mode uses Abbrev mode (see section “Abbrevs” in GNU Emacs Manual) to

accomplish this. I t’s therefore turned on by default in all language modes except IDL

mode, since CORBA IDL doesn ’t have any statements.

4.7 Auto-newline Insertion

When you have Au to-newline minor mode enabled (see Section 4.5 [Minor Modes], page 11),

CC Mode inserts newlines for you automatically (in certain syntactic contexts) when you

type a left or right brace, a colon, a semicolon, or a comma. Sometimes a newline appears

before the character you type, s ometimes after it, sometimes both.

Auto-newline only triggers when the following conditions hold:

• Auto-newline minor mode is enabled, as evidenced by the indicator ‘a’ after the mode

name on the modeline (e.g. ‘C/a’ or ‘C/la’).

• The character was typed at the end of a line, or with only whitespace after it, and

possibly a ‘\’ escaping the newline.

• The character is not on its own line already. (This applies only to insertion of a newline

before the character.)

• The character was not typed inside of a literal

A literal is deﬁned as any comment, string, or preprocessor macro deﬁnition. These constructs are also

known as syntactic whitespace since they are usually ignored when scanning C code.

Chapter 4: Commands 15

• No numeric argument was supplied to the command (i.e. it was typed as n ormal, with

no C-u preﬁ x ).

You can conﬁgure the precise circumstances in which newlines get inserted (see see

Chapter 8 [Custom Auto-newlines], page 34). Typically, the style system (see Section 6.3

[Styles], page 27) will have s et this up for you, so you probably won’t have to bother.

Sometimes CC Mode inserts an auto-newline where you don’t want one, such as after a

‘}’ when you’re about to type a ‘;’. Hungry deletion can help here (see Section 4.8 [Hungry

WS Deletion], p age 15), or you can activate an appropriate clean-up, which will remove the

excess whitespace after you’ve typed the ‘;’. See Chapter 9 [Clean-ups], page 40 for a full

description. See also Section 4.6 [Electric Keys], page 12 for a summary of clean-ups listed

by key.

4.8 Hungry Deletion of Whitespace

If you want to delete an entire block of whitespace at point, you can use hungry deletion.

This deletes all the contiguous whitespace either before point or after point in a single

operation. “Whitespace” here includes tabs and newlines, but not comments or preprocessor

commands. Hungry deletion can markedly cut down on the number of times you have to

hit deletion keys when, for example, you’ve made a mistake on th e preceding line and have

already pressed C-j.

Hungry deletion is a simple feature that some people ﬁnd extremely u s eful. I n fact, you

might ﬁnd yourself wanting it in all your editing modes!

Loosely speaking, in what follows,

DEL

means “the backspace key” and

DELETE

means

“the forward delete key”. This is d iscus sed in more detail below.

There are two diﬀerent ways you can u s e hungry deletion:

Using Hungry Delete Mode with

DEL

and C-d

Here you toggle Hungry Delete minor mode with M-x c-toggle-hungry-state

(see Section 4.5 [Minor Modes], page 11.) This makes

DEL

and C-d do back-

wards and forward hungry deletion.

DEL

(c-electric-backspace)

This command is r un by default when you hit the DEL key. When

hungry delete mode is enabled, it deletes any amount of white-

space in the backwards direction. Otherwise, or when used with

a preﬁx argument or in a literal (see Section 4.7 [Auto-newlines],

page 14), the command just deletes backwards in the usual way.

(More precisely, it calls the function contained in the variable c-

backspace-function, passing it the preﬁ x argument, if any.)

c-backspace-function

Hook that gets called by c-electric-backspace when it doesn’t

do an “electric” deletion of the preceding whitespace. The default

value is backward-delete-char-untabify (see section “Deletion”

in GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, the function which deletes

a single character.

Prior to CC Mode 5.31, this command was bound to C-c C-d. C-c C-d is now the default binding for

c-hungry-delete-forward.

Chapter 4: Commands 16

C-d (c-electric-delete-forward)

This function, which is bound to C-d by default, works just like c-

electric-backspace but in the forward direction. When it doesn’t

do an “electric” deletion of the followin g w hitespace, it just does

delete-char, more or less. (Strictly speaking, it calls the function

in c-delete-function with the preﬁx argument.)

c-delete-function

Hook that gets called by c-electric-delete-forward when it

doesn’t do an “electric” deletion of the following whitespace. The

default value is delete-char.

Using Distinct Bindings

The other (newer and recommended) way to use hungry deletion is to per-

form c-hungry-delete-backwards and c-hungry-delete-forward directly

through their key sequences rather than using the minor mode toggling.

C-c C-

DEL

, or C-c

DEL

(c-hungry-delete-backwards)

Delete any amount of whitespace in the backwards direction (re-

gardless whether hungry-delete mode is enabled or n ot). This com-

mand is bound to both C-c C-

DEL

and C-c

DEL

, since the more

natural one, C-c C-

DEL

, is sometimes diﬃcult to type at a char-

acter terminal.

C-c C-d, C-c C-

DELETE

, or C-c

DELETE

(c-hungry-delete-forward)

Delete any amount of whitespace in the forward direction (regard-

less whether hungry-delete mode is enabled or not). This command

is bound to both C-c C-

DELETE

and C-c

DELETE

for the same

reason as for

DEL

above.

When we talk about

DEL

, and

DELETE

above, we actually do so without connecting

them to the physical keys commonly known as

Backspace

and

Delete

. The default bindings

to those two keys depends on the ﬂavor of (X)Emacs you are using.

In XEmacs 20.3 and beyond, the

Backspace

key is bound to c-electric-backspace and

the

Delete

key is bound to c-electric-delete. You control the direction it deletes in by

setting the variable delete-key-deletes-forward, a standard XEmacs variable. When

this variable is non-nil, c-electric-delete will do forward deletion with c-electric-

delete-forward, otherwise it does backward deletion with c-electric-backspace. Sim-

ilarly, C-c

Delete

and C-c C-

Delete

are bound to c-hungry-delete which is controlled in

the same way by delete-key-deletes-forward.

Emacs 21 and later au tomatically binds

Backspace

and

Delete

to DEL and C-d according

to your environment, and CC Mode extends th ose bindings to C-c C-

Backspace

etc. If you

need to change the bindings through normal-erase-is-backspace-mode then CC Mode

will also adapt its extended bindings accordingly.

In earlier (X)Emacs versions, CC Mode doesn’t bind either

Backspace

Delete

directly.

Only th e key codes DEL and C-d are bound, and it’s up to the default bindings to map the

physical keys to th em. You might need to modify this yourself if the defaults are unsuitable.

This command was formerly known as c-hungry-backspace.

Chapter 4: Commands 17

Getting your

Backspace

and

Delete

keys properly set up can sometimes be tricky. The

information in section “DEL Does Not Delete” in GNU Emacs Manual, might be helpful if

you’re having trouble with this in GNU Emacs.

4.9 S ubword Movement and Editing

In spite of the GNU Codin g Standards, it is popular to name a symbol by mixing u ppercase

and lowercase letters, e.g. ‘GtkWidget’, ‘EmacsFrameClass’, or ‘NSGraphicsContext’. Here

we call these mixed case symbols nomenclatures. Also, each capitalized (or completely

uppercase) part of a nomenclature is called a su bword. Here are some examples:

Nomenclature Subwords

‘GtkWindow’ ‘Gtk’ and ‘Window’

‘EmacsFrameClass’ ‘Emacs’, ‘Frame’, and ‘Class’

‘NSGraphicsContext’ ‘NS’, ‘Graphics’, and ‘Context’

The subword minor mode replaces the basic word oriented movement and editing com-

mands with variants that recognize subwords in a nomenclature and treat them as separate

words:

Key Word oriented command Subword oriented command

M-f forward-word c-forward-subword

M-b backward-word c-backward-subword

M-@ mark-word c-mark-subword

M-d kill-word c-kill-subword

M-DEL backward-kill-word c-backward-kill-subword

M-t transpose-words c-transpose-subwords

M-c capitalize-word c-capitalize-subword

M-u upcase-word c-upcase-subword

M-l downcase-word c-downcase-subword

Note that if you have changed the key bindings for the word oriented commands in your

‘.emacs’ or a similar place, the keys you have conﬁgured are also used for the correspond ing

subword oriented commands.

Type C-c C-w to toggle subword mode on and oﬀ. To make the mode turn on automat-

ically, put the following co de in your ‘.emacs’:

(add-hook ’c-mode-common-hook

(lambda () (c-subword-mode 1)))

As a bonus, you can also us e c-subword-mode in non-CC Mod e buﬀers by typing M-x

c-subword-mode.

4.10 Other Commands

Here are the various other commands that didn’t ﬁt anywhere else:

C-c . (c-set-style)

Switch to the speciﬁed style in the current buﬀer. Use like this:

C-c . style-name

RET

Chapter 4: Commands 18

You can use the

TAB

in the normal way to do completion on the style name.

Note that all style names are case insensitive, even the ones you deﬁne yourself.

Setting a style in this way does not automatically reindent your ﬁle. For com-

mands that you can use to view the eﬀect of your changes, see Section 4.1 [In-

dentation Commands], page 5 and Section 4.4 [Filling and Breaking], page 10.

For details of the CC Mode style system, see Section 6.3 [Styles], page 27.

C-c : (c-scope-operator)

In C++, it is also sometimes desirable to insert the double-colon scope operator

without performing the electric behavior of colon insertion. C-c : does just

this.

C-c C-\ (c-backslash-region)

This function inserts and aligns or deletes end-of-line backslashes in the curr ent

region. Th ese are typically used in multi-line macros.

With no preﬁx argument, it in serts any missing backslashes and aligns them ac-

cording to the c-backslash-column and c-backslash-max-column variables.

With a preﬁx argument, it deletes any backslashes.

The function does not modify blank lines at the start of the region. If the region

ends at the start of a line, it always deletes th e backslash (if any) at the end of

the previous line.

To customize the precise workings of th is command, Chapter 12 [Custom

Macros], page 79.

The recommended line breaking f unction, c-context-line-break (see Section 4.4 [Filling

and Breaking], page 10), is especially nice if you edit multiline macros frequently. When

used inside a macro, it automatically inserts and adjusts the mandatory backslash at the

end of the line to keep the macro together, and it leaves the point at th e right indentation

column for the code. Thus you can write code inside macros almost exactly as you can

elsewhere, without having to bother with the trailing backslashes.

C-c C-e (c-macro-expand)

This command expands C, C++, Objective C or Pike macros in the region, u s ing

an appropriate external preprocessor program. Normally it displays its output

in a temporary buﬀer, but if you give it a preﬁx arg (with C-u C-c C-e) it will

overwrite the original region with the expansion.

The command does not work in any of the other modes, and the key sequence

is not bound in these other modes.

c-macro-expand isn’t actually part of CC Mode, even though it is bound to a

CC Mode key sequence. If you need help setting it up or have other problems

with it, you can either read its source code or ask for help in the standard

(X)Emacs forums.

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