C语言权威教程(英文第2版)——探索C程序设计的核心

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"《C程序设计语言(英文第2版)》是一本经典的C语言教程，作者通过原汁原味的讲解，旨在帮助读者深入理解C语言的核心概念和编程技巧。书中涵盖了变量、算术表达式、控制结构、函数、数据类型、运算符和表达式等方面的内容，旨在为初学者提供全面的C语言学习指导。" 本书首先介绍了C语言的基础，如第1章的"ATutorialIntroduction"，分为以下几个主要部分： 1.1 "GettingStarted" 部分引导读者进入C语言的世界，讲解如何设置环境并编写第一个简单的程序。 1.2 "VariablesandArithmeticExpressions" 解释了变量的概念和基本的算术操作。 1.3 "Theforstatement" 讲解了C语言中常用的循环结构——for循环。 1.4 "SymbolicConstants" 引入了符号常量的使用，便于代码阅读和维护。 1.5 "CharacterInputandOutput" 部分涉及字符输入和输出，通过示例展示了文件复制、字符计数、行计数和单词计数等基础操作。 1.6 "Arrays" 解释了数组这一重要数据结构，包括一维数组的声明和使用。 1.7 "Functions" 阐述了函数在C语言中的作用，以及如何定义和调用函数。 1.8 "Arguments-CallbyValue" 介绍了函数参数传递的方式，即按值传递。 1.9 "CharacterArrays" 深入探讨了字符数组，特别是字符串的处理。 1.10 "ExternalVariablesandScope" 讲解了外部变量和作用域规则。第2章 "Types,OperatorsandExpressions" 是关于数据类型、运算符和表达式的详细阐述： 2.1 "VariableNames" 规定了变量命名的规则。 2.2 "DataTypesandSizes" 介绍了C语言中的各种数据类型及其占用的内存大小。 2.3 "Constants" 讲解了常量的定义和使用。 2.4 "Declarations" 阐述了变量声明的重要性及其语法。 2.5 "ArithmeticOperators" 列举了算术运算符及其功能。 2.6 "RelationalandLogicalOperators" 解释了关系运算符和逻辑运算符。 2.7 "TypeConversions" 描述了自动类型转换和强制类型转换。 2.8 "IncrementandDecrementOperators" 介绍了自增和自减运算符的使用。 2.9 "BitwiseOperators" 讲解了位运算符，用于对二进制位进行操作。 2.10 "AssignmentOperatorsandExpressions" 详述了赋值运算符和表达式。 2.11 "ConditionalExpressions" 提到了三目运算符，用于条件判断。 2.12 "PrecedenceandOrderofEvaluation" 阐明了运算符的优先级和结合性。第3章 "ControlFlow" 主要讨论程序的控制流程： 3.1 "StatementsandBlocks" 介绍语句和代码块的概念。 3.2 "If-Else" 和3.3 "Else-If" 阐述了条件分支结构if和if-else。 3.4 "Switch" 讲解了switch语句，提供了多分支选择。 3.5 "Loops-WhileandFor" 介绍了while和for循环。 3.6 "Loops-Do-While" 详细说明了do-while循环的特点。 3.7 "BreakandContinue" 解释了在循环中控制流程的break和continue语句。 3.8 "Gotoandlabels" 虽然不推荐，但还是提到了goto语句及其用法。第4章 "FunctionsandProgramStructure" 进一步深入函数的使用和程序结构，这部分可能包含更多高级话题，如函数指针、递归、文件操作等。这本教程是学习C语言的理想起点，不仅适合初学者，对于有一定经验的开发者也有很好的参考价值。通过阅读和实践书中的例子，读者可以逐步掌握C语言的精髓，并建立起坚实的编程基础。

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Width and precision may be omitted from a specification: %6f says that the number is to be at

least six characters wide; %.2f specifies two characters after the decimal point, but the width

is not constrained; and %f merely says to print the number as floating point.

print as decimal integer

%6d

print as decimal integer, at least 6 characters wide

print as floating point

%6f

print as floating point, at least 6 characters wide

%.2f

print as floating point, 2 characters after decimal point

%6.2f

print as floating point, at least 6 wide and 2 after decimal point

Among others, printf also recognizes %o for octal, %x for hexadecimal, %c for character, %s

for character string and %% for itself.

Exercise 1-3. Modify the temperature conversion program to print a heading above the table.

Exercise 1-4. Write a program to print the corresponding Celsius to Fahrenheit table.

1.3 The for statement

There are plenty of different ways to write a program for a particular task. Let's try a variation

on the temperature converter.

#include <stdio.h>

/* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */

main()

{

int fahr;

for (fahr = 0; fahr <= 300; fahr = fahr + 20)

printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));

}

This produces the same answers, but it certainly looks different. One major change is the

elimination of most of the variables; only fahr remains, and we have made it an int. The

lower and upper limits and the step size appear only as constants in the for statement, itself a

new construction, and the expression that computes the Celsius temperature now appears as

the third argument of

printf instead of a separate assignment statement.

This last change is an instance of a general rule - in any context where it is permissible to use

the value of some type, you can use a more complicated expression of that type. Since the

third argument of

printf must be a floating-point value to match the %6.1f, any floating-

point expression can occur here.

The for statement is a loop, a generalization of the while. If you compare it to the earlier

while, its operation should be clear. Within the parentheses, there are three parts, separated

by semicolons. The first part, the initialization

fahr = 0

is done once, before the loop proper is entered. The second part is the

test or condition that controls the loop:

fahr <= 300

This condition is evaluated; if it is true, the body of the loop (here a single ptintf) is

executed. Then the increment step

fahr = fahr + 20

is executed, and the condition re-evaluated. The loop terminates if the condition has become

false. As with the while, the body of the loop can be a single statement or a group of

statements enclosed in braces. The initialization, condition and increment can be any

expressions.

The choice between

while and for is arbitrary, based on which seems clearer. The for is

usually appropriate for loops in which the initialization and increment are single statements

and logically related, since it is more compact than while and it keeps the loop control

statements together in one place.

Exercise 1-5. Modify the temperature conversion program to print the table in reverse order,

that is, from 300 degrees to 0.

1.4 Symbolic Constants

A final observation before we leave temperature conversion forever. It's bad practice to bury

``magic numbers'' like 300 and 20 in a program; they convey little information to someone

who might have to read the program later, and they are hard to change in a systematic way.

One way to deal with magic numbers is to give them meaningful names. A #define line

defines a symbolic name or symbolic constant to be a particular string of characters:

#define name replacement list

Thereafter, any occurrence of name (not in quotes and not part of another name) will be

replaced by the corresponding replacement text. The name has the same form as a variable

name: a sequence of letters and digits that begins with a letter. The replacement text can be

any sequence of characters; it is not limited to numbers.

#include <stdio.h>

#define LOWER 0 /* lower limit of table */

#define UPPER 300 /* upper limit */

#define STEP 20 /* step size */

/* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */

main()

{

int fahr;

for (fahr = LOWER; fahr <= UPPER; fahr = fahr + STEP)

printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));

}

The quantities LOWER, UPPER and STEP are symbolic constants, not variables, so they do not

appear in declarations. Symbolic constant names are conventionally written in upper case so

they can ber readily distinguished from lower case variable names. Notice that there is no

semicolon at the end of a #define line.

1.5 Character Input and Output

We are going to consider a family of related programs for processing character data. You will

find that many programs are just expanded versions of the prototypes that we discuss here.

The model of input and output supported by the standard library is very simple. Text input or

output, regardless of where it originates or where it goes to, is dealt with as streams of

characters. A text stream is a sequence of characters divided into lines; each line consists of

zero or more characters followed by a newline character. It is the responsibility of the library

to make each input or output stream confirm this model; the C programmer using the library

need not worry about how lines are represented outside the program.

The standard library provides several functions for reading or writing one character at a time,

of which

getchar and putchar are the simplest. Each time it is called, getchar reads the

next input character from a text stream and returns that as its value. That is, after

c = getchar();

the variable c contains the next character of input. The characters normally come from the

keyboard; input from files is discussed in Chapter 7.

The function

putchar prints a character each time it is called:

putchar(c);

prints the contents of the integer variable c as a character, usually on the screen. Calls to

putchar and printf may be interleaved; the output will appear in the order in which the calls

are made.

1.5.1 File Copying

Given getchar and putchar, you can write a surprising amount of useful code without

knowing anything more about input and output. The simplest example is a program that

copies its input to its output one character at a time:

read a character

while (charater is not end-of-file indicator)

output the character just read

read a character

Converting this into C gives:

#include <stdio.h>

/* copy input to output; 1st version */

main()

{

int c;

c = getchar();

while (c != EOF) {

putchar(c);

c = getchar();

}

The relational operator != means ``not equal to''.

What appears to be a character on the keyboard or screen is of course, like everything else,

stored internally just as a bit pattern. The type

char is specifically meant for storing such

character data, but any integer type can be used. We used int for a subtle but important

reason.

The problem is distinguishing the end of input from valid data. The solution is that getchar

returns a distinctive value when there is no more input, a value that cannot be confused with

any real character. This value is called EOF, for ``end of file''. We must declare c to be a type

big enough to hold any value that getchar returns. We can't use char since c must be big

enough to hold EOF in addition to any possible char. Therefore we use int.

EOF is an integer defined in <stdio.h>, but the specific numeric value doesn't matter as long as

it is not the same as any char value. By using the symbolic constant, we are assured that

nothing in the program depends on the specific numeric value.

The program for copying would be written more concisely by experienced C programmers. In

C, any assignment, such as

c = getchar();

is an expression and has a value, which is the value of the left hand side after the assignment.

This means that a assignment can appear as part of a larger expression. If the assignment of a

character to c is put inside the test part of a while loop, the copy program can be written this

way:

#include <stdio.h>

/* copy input to output; 2nd version */

main()

{

int c;

while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)

putchar(c);

}

The while gets a character, assigns it to c, and then tests whether the character was the end-

of-file signal. If it was not, the body of the

while is executed, printing the character. The

while then repeats. When the end of the input is finally reached, the while terminates and so

does

main.

This version centralizes the input - there is now only one reference to getchar - and shrinks

the program. The resulting program is more compact, and, once the idiom is mastered, easier

to read. You'll see this style often. (It's possible to get carried away and create impenetrable

code, however, a tendency that we will try to curb.)

The parentheses around the assignment, within the condition are necessary. The precedence

!= is higher than that of =, which means that in the absence of parentheses the relational

test != would be done before the assignment =. So the statement

c = getchar() != EOF

is equivalent to

c = (getchar() != EOF)

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