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Preface
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Topic Selection and Organization
As before, we have taken a conservative approach to topic selection, for there are
many more interesting ideas in the field than can reasonably be covered in a treat-
ment of basic principles. We have steered away from a comprehensive survey of
every architecture a reader might encounter. Instead, our presentation focuses on
core concepts likely to be found in any new machine. The key criterion remains
that of selecting ideas that have been examined and utilized successfully enough
to permit their discussion in quantitative terms.
Our intent has always been to focus on material that is not available in equiva-
lent form from other sources, so we continue to emphasize advanced content
wherever possible. Indeed, there are several systems here whose descriptions
cannot be found in the literature. (Readers interested strictly in a more basic
introduction to computer architecture should read Computer Organization and
Design: The Hardware/Software Interface.)
An Overview of the Content
Chapter 1 has been beefed up in this edition. It includes formulas for energy,
static power, dynamic power, integrated circuit costs, reliability, and availability.
(These formulas are also found on the front inside cover.) Our hope is that these
topics can be used through the rest of the book. In addition to the classic quantita-
tive principles of computer design and performance measurement, the PIAT sec-
tion has been upgraded to use the new SPECPower benchmark.
Our view is that the instruction set architecture is playing less of a role today
than in 1990, so we moved this material to Appendix A. It still uses the MIPS64
architecture. (For quick review, a summary of the MIPS ISA can be found on the
back inside cover.) For fans of ISAs, Appendix K covers 10 RISC architectures,
the 80x86, the DEC VAX, and the IBM 360/370.
We then move onto memory hierarchy in Chapter 2, since it is easy to apply
the cost-performance-energy principles to this material and memory is a critical
resource for the rest of the chapters. As in the past edition, Appendix B contains
an introductory review of cache principles, which is available in case you need it.
Chapter 2 discusses 10 advanced optimizations of caches. The chapter includes
virtual machines, which offers advantages in protection, software management,
and hardware management and play an important role in cloud computing. In
addition to covering SRAM and DRAM technologies, the chapter includes new
material on Flash memory. The PIAT examples are the ARM Cortex A8, which is
used in PMDs, and the Intel Core i7, which is used in servers.
Chapter 3 covers the exploitation of instruction-level parallelism in high-
performance processors, including superscalar execution, branch prediction,
speculation, dynamic scheduling, and multithreading. As mentioned earlier,
Appendix C is a review of pipelining in case you need it. Chapter 3 also sur-
veys the limits of ILP. Like Chapter 2, the PIAT examples are again the ARM
Cortex A8 and the Intel Core i7. While the third edition contained a great deal