使用Python和Pygame入门游戏开发

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"使用Python和Pygame进行游戏开发的入门指南" 《 Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame》是一本面向初学者的专业书籍，由Will McGugan撰写，旨在帮助编程新手从零开始学习如何使用Python和Pygame库创建游戏。这本书不仅介绍了Python语言的基础知识，还深入探讨了Pygame这个强大的游戏开发框架，让读者能够逐步从新手成长为专业游戏开发者。 Python是一种流行的、易于学习的编程语言，因其简洁明了的语法而受到广大程序员的喜爱。在游戏开发领域，Python虽然不如C++或Unity等专业游戏引擎常见，但它提供了一个快速原型和实验的平台，特别适合初学者上手。Pygame是Python的一个库，集成了音频、图形和事件处理等功能，使得用Python编写2D游戏变得简单。本书的内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **Python基础知识**：从基础语法、变量、数据类型、控制流到函数、模块和面向对象编程，全面讲解Python编程的核心概念。 2. **Pygame介绍**：解释Pygame库的安装、基本结构，以及如何创建窗口、加载图像和播放声音。 3. **图形绘制**：如何使用Pygame中的Surface对象来绘制图形，包括颜色管理、图像变换和精灵（Sprite）的使用。 4. **事件处理**：学习如何响应用户输入，如键盘、鼠标点击等，实现游戏交互。 5. **游戏逻辑**：介绍如何设计游戏循环，处理游戏状态，以及实现碰撞检测等关键游戏机制。 6. **动画和物理模拟**：创建动态效果，如平滑移动、旋转，以及简单的物理规则应用。 7. **游戏实例**：通过一步步构建实际游戏项目，如打砖块、平台跳跃游戏等，将理论知识转化为实践。 8. **调试和优化**：学习如何调试代码，提高游戏性能，以及优化游戏资源的使用。 9. **扩展和进阶**：讨论如何整合其他Python库，如pygame.mixer用于更复杂的音频处理，或者使用Pygame Zero简化游戏开发。 10. **最佳实践和资源**：提供一些游戏开发的最佳实践，推荐其他学习资源，帮助读者进一步提升技能。技术审阅者Richard Jones的参与确保了书中的内容准确无误，编辑Jason Gilmore和团队的努力则保证了书籍的高质量和易读性。无论你是对游戏开发充满热情的初学者，还是希望拓宽技能领域的Python程序员，这本书都将是你宝贵的学习资料。通过本书的学习，你可以掌握Python和Pygame，开启自己的游戏开发之旅。

xxi

Introduction

I have accumulated a large collection of game development books over the years, virtually all of

which are an inch or two thicker than this book—even though they cover similar subjects and

techniques. The disparity is not because my writing is terse or I use a smaller font—it is because

traditional game development tools tend to require a large amount of technical knowledge that

the reader must first absorb before building even the simplest of games. Even seasoned game

developers find the technical requirements of starting a game to be enough of a barrier that they

are less likely to work on game ideas that are unproven or potentially not commercial-worthy.

Game development may have become easier over the years, with simplified programming inter-

faces and more programmers wishing to share their knowledge, but writing a game is still a

significant undertaking.

When I discovered Python, it lowered a number of barriers to writing software, because

I could work faster and accomplish more with less effort, and when combined with Pygame I

could experiment with game ideas and build a complete game from scratch in record time. The

beauty of Pygame is that it makes the various tasks in creating a game (setting up a display,

drawing to the screen, playing sound, etc.) only as complicated as they need to be—and it turns

out that’s not particularly complicated at all! Many one-liners in Pygame would take dozens of

lines in C++, the traditional tool of game developers.

Although Python and Pygame are superb tools for rapid game development, there is little

in the way of books or web tutorials for Python game programmers, who often have no choice

but to mentally translate from another language to Python when researching a new topic in

game development. This book was conceived to fill that gap and allow the beginner game pro-

grammer to get up to speed with Python and learn the fundamentals of game programming

without having to first learn C++, C#, Java, or another language first. It was also my opportunity

to explain 3D game programming in a way that is accessible to nonmathematicians—some-

thing that is not easy to find in other books.

In short, this is the book I would have wanted to have when I started out in game development!

Who This Book Is For

This book is for anyone who has thought about creating a computer game, or wants to learn

about the technology behind game development. Although Python is the tool of choice for this

book, many of the techniques covered are equally applicable to other languages.

8725.book Page xxi Wednesday, September 26, 2007 8:08 PM

xxii

■INTRODUCTION

How This Book Is Structured

Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame is divided into 12 chapters, each of

which builds on the previous chapter—with a few notable exceptions. I’ve structured it so that

you can get results quickly and see something on screen, which you may appreciate if you are

as impatient as I am. Virtually all the listings are self-contained, and hopefully entertaining, lit-

tle projects that run independently. Since experimentation is the best way to learn, you are

encouraged to play with the sample code and modify it to produce different effects. You can

also use any of the code in your own projects—with my blessing!

The first two chapters introduce the Python language in a fairly conversational manner.

If you read them with a Python prompt in front of you, you should find you can quickly pick up

the language. These two chapters don’t make a complete language tutorial, but will cover

enough for you to be able to understand the Python code in the book and write some of your

own. Occasionally, new syntaxes and language features are introduced in the rest of the book,

but I explain them where they are first used. If you are proficient in Python, you can skip

straight to Chapter 3.

Chapter 3 is your first introduction to Pygame and covers its history and capabilities. It also

explains the basics of setting up a graphical display and handling events, skills that are essential

for any game. You will become intimately familiar with the code introduced in this chapter, as

it is used in all the sample code for the rest of the book.

Chapter 4 dives straight into creating visuals and the various ways in which you can draw

to the screen with Pygame. Chapter 5 explores the techniques that game programmers use to

make those images move. You should find the discussion on time-based movement to be par-

ticularly valuable, as it is essential for any kind of animation in a game.

Chapter 6 tells you all you need to know to interface your game with virtually any gaming

device. The sample code in this chapter will have you moving a character around with the key-

board, mouse, and joystick.

Chapter 7 is a little unusual in that it is more self-contained than the others and doesn’t

depend as much on previous chapters. It covers the subject of artificial intelligence and

includes a fully working simulation of an ant’s nest, but the techniques I explain in this chapter

can be used to add seemingly intelligent characters to any game.

Chapters 8 and 9 are a gentle introduction to working with three-dimensional graphics in

Pygame, which is an essential topic since most games have 3D elements these days—even if

they are not full 3D games. I explain the math in visual terms that make it easier to grasp, and

you should find that it is not as an intimidating a subject as it first appears.

Chapter 10 takes a break from 3D graphics to discuss how to use Pygame to add sound

effects and music, and even includes a fully working jukebox application.

The final two chapters build on Chapters 8 and 9 to advance your knowledge of 3D graph-

ics, and explain how to take advantage of the dedicated game hardware on your graphics card.

By the end of Chapter 11 you will have enough knowledge to render and manipulate a three-

dimensional object on the screen. Chapter 12 explores several techniques you can use to create

even more impressive 3D visuals and generate special effects.

In addition to the 12 chapters, there are two appendixes: Appendix A is a reference to the

Game Objects library that is used throughout this book, and Appendix B explains how you can

package your game and send it to others.

8725.book Page xxii Wednesday, September 26, 2007 8:08 PM

■ ■ ■

CHAPTER 1

Introducing Python

The language we are going to use to make games is Python, so called because the original

author of the language was a fan of the UK television series Monty Python. Python is popular in

game development, but it is also used to create everything from applications to web sites. Even

NASA and Google rely heavily on Python.

There are plenty of alternative languages that can be used to create games, but I have

chosen Python because it has the tendency to take care of the details and leave you—the pro-

grammer—to concentrate on solving problems. For our purposes, solving problems means

displaying game characters on the screen, making them look great, and having them interact

with a virtual environment.

This chapter is a friendly introduction to Python; it will get you up to speed with the lan-

guage so that you can read the sample code and start writing code of your own. If you are

familiar with Python, then feel free to skip the first two chapters. Read on if you are completely

new to Python or if you would like a refresher course.

To start working with Python, you will first need to install a Python interpreter for your

computer. There are versions for PC, Linux, and Mac. We will be using version 2.4 of Python,

which is not quite the most recent version but is supported by all the code libraries we will

be using.

■Note By the time this book is published, it is likely that all the libraries used in this book will support a

more recent version of Python. You don’t have to get the latest version, but if you do want to try out the new

features then you can because new versions will run files created for older versions.

Your First Look at Python

The usual way of running Python code is to save it to a file and then run it. We will be doing this

soon, but for now we are going to use Python in interactive mode, which lets us enter code a line

at a time and receive immediate feedback. You will find this to be one of Python’s strengths. It

is an excellent aid to learning the language, but even experienced Python programmers often

return to interactive mode to do the odd experiment.

8725.book Page 1 Friday, August 24, 2007 5:20 PM

CHAPTER 1

■ INTRODUCING PYTHON

Once you have installed Python on your system, you can run it like any other program. If you

have Windows, it is simply a matter of double-clicking the icon or selecting it in the Start menu.

For other systems with a command line, just type python to launch Python in interactive mode.

When you first run the Python interpreter, you will see something like the following:

ActivePython 2.4.3 Build 12 (ActiveState Software Inc.) based on

Python 2.4.3 (#69, Apr 11 2006, 15:32:42) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)] on win32

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> _

The text may vary depending on the version of Python you are running and the platform (Win-

dows, Mac, Linux, etc.) you are running it on. But the important part is the three chevrons

(>>>), which is the Python prompt—it is your invitation to type in some code, which Python will

then attempt to run.

A long-standing tradition in computer language tutorials is that the first program you

write displays the text “Hello, World!” on the screen—and who am I to break with tradition! So

take a deep breath and type print 'Hello, World!' after the prompt. The Python window will

now display this on the prompt line:

>>> print 'Hello, World!'

If you hit the Enter key, Python will run the line of code you just entered, and if all goes well

you will see this on the screen:

>>> print 'Hello, World!'

Hello, World!

>>> _

Python has executed your line of code, displayed the result, and given you a new prompt to

enter more code. So how exactly does our line of code work? The word print is a statement that

tells Python to print what follows to the screen. Following the print statement is a string, which

is simply a collection of letters and/or digits. Python treats anything between quotes (') as a

string. Try entering your own text between the quote marks and you should find that Python

will print it to the screen just as before.

Numbers

We will come back to strings later, but for now let’s start with the most simple piece of informa-

tion that Python can work with: numbers. Python is so good at working with numbers that you

can use it almost like a calculator. To see it in action, type the following into Python (you don’t

need to type the prompt, since Python displays it for you):

>>> 2+2

Take a guess at what Python will make of this line and hit Enter. If you guessed 4, help yourself

to a cookie—that is exactly what it does. Python has evaluated 2+2, which in Python terms is

known as an expression, and displayed the result. You can also use – for subtract, * for multiply,

8725.book Page 2 Friday, August 24, 2007 5:20 PM

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