Python与Pygame入门游戏开发指南

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"《 Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame》是一本适合初学者的游戏开发入门书籍，由Will McGugan撰写。这本书详细介绍了如何使用Python和Pygame库从零开始制作游戏，帮助读者从新手逐渐成长为专业开发者。" 在Python编程世界中，Pygame是一个非常受欢迎的库，它为游戏开发提供了丰富的功能，包括图形渲染、音频处理、事件管理等。本书"Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame"旨在引导读者通过Python和Pygame进行游戏开发，无论他们之前是否有编程经验。内容详实是本书的一大特点，作者Will McGugan用简单易懂的语言讲解了游戏开发的基础概念和技术。书中可能涵盖了以下几个主要知识点： 1. **Python基础知识**：为了使初学者能够顺利开始游戏开发，书中的早期章节会介绍Python语言的基础，如变量、数据类型、控制流、函数等。 2. **Pygame入门**：介绍如何安装Pygame库，并通过简单的示例让读者了解如何创建窗口、加载图像、播放音效。 3. **图形与绘图**：详细讲解如何在Pygame中绘制图形，包括基本的几何形状、图片和精灵（Sprites）的使用，以及如何实现动画效果。 4. **事件处理**：游戏通常需要响应用户的输入，如键盘、鼠标点击。这部分会解释如何处理这些事件，以及如何实现游戏循环。 5. **碰撞检测**：游戏中的物体碰撞检测是必不可少的，书中会介绍不同的碰撞检测算法和技术。 6. **游戏逻辑与AI**：讲解如何编写游戏规则，实现游戏逻辑，以及如何设计简单的AI（人工智能）对手。 7. **游戏保存与加载**：介绍如何保存游戏进度，以便玩家可以随时继续游戏。 8. **优化与调试**：讨论游戏性能优化技巧，以及如何调试代码，确保游戏的稳定性和流畅性。 9. **项目实践**：提供一个或多个完整的游戏开发项目，让读者可以实际操作，将所学知识应用到实践中。技术审阅者Richard Jones的参与保证了本书内容的技术准确性。此外，本书遵循了标准的出版流程，由Jason Gilmore担任主编辑，还有其他的编辑和技术团队成员参与，确保了内容的高质量。《 Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame》是一本全面且深入浅出的游戏开发教程，对想要踏入游戏开发领域的Python初学者来说，无疑是一份宝贵的资源。通过学习本书，读者不仅可以掌握Python编程基础，还能了解到游戏开发的核心概念和技巧，从而逐步成长为游戏开发的专业人士。

xxi

Introduction

I have accumulated a large collection of game development books over the years, virtually all of

which are an inch or two thicker than this book—even though they cover similar subjects and

techniques. The disparity is not because my writing is terse or I use a smaller font—it is because

traditional game development tools tend to require a large amount of technical knowledge that

the reader must first absorb before building even the simplest of games. Even seasoned game

developers find the technical requirements of starting a game to be enough of a barrier that they

are less likely to work on game ideas that are unproven or potentially not commercial-worthy.

Game development may have become easier over the years, with simplified programming inter-

faces and more programmers wishing to share their knowledge, but writing a game is still a

significant undertaking.

When I discovered Python, it lowered a number of barriers to writing software, because

I could work faster and accomplish more with less effort, and when combined with Pygame I

could experiment with game ideas and build a complete game from scratch in record time. The

beauty of Pygame is that it makes the various tasks in creating a game (setting up a display,

drawing to the screen, playing sound, etc.) only as complicated as they need to be—and it turns

out that’s not particularly complicated at all! Many one-liners in Pygame would take dozens of

lines in C++, the traditional tool of game developers.

Although Python and Pygame are superb tools for rapid game development, there is little

in the way of books or web tutorials for Python game programmers, who often have no choice

but to mentally translate from another language to Python when researching a new topic in

game development. This book was conceived to fill that gap and allow the beginner game pro-

grammer to get up to speed with Python and learn the fundamentals of game programming

without having to first learn C++, C#, Java, or another language first. It was also my opportunity

to explain 3D game programming in a way that is accessible to nonmathematicians—some-

thing that is not easy to find in other books.

In short, this is the book I would have wanted to have when I started out in game development!

Who This Book Is For

This book is for anyone who has thought about creating a computer game, or wants to learn

about the technology behind game development. Although Python is the tool of choice for this

book, many of the techniques covered are equally applicable to other languages.

8725.book Page xxi Wednesday, September 26, 2007 8:08 PM

xxii

■INTRODUCTION

How This Book Is Structured

Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame is divided into 12 chapters, each of

which builds on the previous chapter—with a few notable exceptions. I’ve structured it so that

you can get results quickly and see something on screen, which you may appreciate if you are

as impatient as I am. Virtually all the listings are self-contained, and hopefully entertaining, lit-

tle projects that run independently. Since experimentation is the best way to learn, you are

encouraged to play with the sample code and modify it to produce different effects. You can

also use any of the code in your own projects—with my blessing!

The first two chapters introduce the Python language in a fairly conversational manner.

If you read them with a Python prompt in front of you, you should find you can quickly pick up

the language. These two chapters don’t make a complete language tutorial, but will cover

enough for you to be able to understand the Python code in the book and write some of your

own. Occasionally, new syntaxes and language features are introduced in the rest of the book,

but I explain them where they are first used. If you are proficient in Python, you can skip

straight to Chapter 3.

Chapter 3 is your first introduction to Pygame and covers its history and capabilities. It also

explains the basics of setting up a graphical display and handling events, skills that are essential

for any game. You will become intimately familiar with the code introduced in this chapter, as

it is used in all the sample code for the rest of the book.

Chapter 4 dives straight into creating visuals and the various ways in which you can draw

to the screen with Pygame. Chapter 5 explores the techniques that game programmers use to

make those images move. You should find the discussion on time-based movement to be par-

ticularly valuable, as it is essential for any kind of animation in a game.

Chapter 6 tells you all you need to know to interface your game with virtually any gaming

device. The sample code in this chapter will have you moving a character around with the key-

board, mouse, and joystick.

Chapter 7 is a little unusual in that it is more self-contained than the others and doesn’t

depend as much on previous chapters. It covers the subject of artificial intelligence and

includes a fully working simulation of an ant’s nest, but the techniques I explain in this chapter

can be used to add seemingly intelligent characters to any game.

Chapters 8 and 9 are a gentle introduction to working with three-dimensional graphics in

Pygame, which is an essential topic since most games have 3D elements these days—even if

they are not full 3D games. I explain the math in visual terms that make it easier to grasp, and

you should find that it is not as an intimidating a subject as it first appears.

Chapter 10 takes a break from 3D graphics to discuss how to use Pygame to add sound

effects and music, and even includes a fully working jukebox application.

The final two chapters build on Chapters 8 and 9 to advance your knowledge of 3D graph-

ics, and explain how to take advantage of the dedicated game hardware on your graphics card.

By the end of Chapter 11 you will have enough knowledge to render and manipulate a three-

dimensional object on the screen. Chapter 12 explores several techniques you can use to create

even more impressive 3D visuals and generate special effects.

In addition to the 12 chapters, there are two appendixes: Appendix A is a reference to the

Game Objects library that is used throughout this book, and Appendix B explains how you can

package your game and send it to others.

8725.book Page xxii Wednesday, September 26, 2007 8:08 PM

■ ■ ■

CHAPTER 1

Introducing Python

The language we are going to use to make games is Python, so called because the original

author of the language was a fan of the UK television series Monty Python. Python is popular in

game development, but it is also used to create everything from applications to web sites. Even

NASA and Google rely heavily on Python.

There are plenty of alternative languages that can be used to create games, but I have

chosen Python because it has the tendency to take care of the details and leave you—the pro-

grammer—to concentrate on solving problems. For our purposes, solving problems means

displaying game characters on the screen, making them look great, and having them interact

with a virtual environment.

This chapter is a friendly introduction to Python; it will get you up to speed with the lan-

guage so that you can read the sample code and start writing code of your own. If you are

familiar with Python, then feel free to skip the first two chapters. Read on if you are completely

new to Python or if you would like a refresher course.

To start working with Python, you will first need to install a Python interpreter for your

computer. There are versions for PC, Linux, and Mac. We will be using version 2.4 of Python,

which is not quite the most recent version but is supported by all the code libraries we will

be using.

■Note By the time this book is published, it is likely that all the libraries used in this book will support a

more recent version of Python. You don’t have to get the latest version, but if you do want to try out the new

features then you can because new versions will run files created for older versions.

Your First Look at Python

The usual way of running Python code is to save it to a file and then run it. We will be doing this

soon, but for now we are going to use Python in interactive mode, which lets us enter code a line

at a time and receive immediate feedback. You will find this to be one of Python’s strengths. It

is an excellent aid to learning the language, but even experienced Python programmers often

return to interactive mode to do the odd experiment.

8725.book Page 1 Friday, August 24, 2007 5:20 PM

CHAPTER 1

■ INTRODUCING PYTHON

Once you have installed Python on your system, you can run it like any other program. If you

have Windows, it is simply a matter of double-clicking the icon or selecting it in the Start menu.

For other systems with a command line, just type python to launch Python in interactive mode.

When you first run the Python interpreter, you will see something like the following:

ActivePython 2.4.3 Build 12 (ActiveState Software Inc.) based on

Python 2.4.3 (#69, Apr 11 2006, 15:32:42) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)] on win32

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> _

The text may vary depending on the version of Python you are running and the platform (Win-

dows, Mac, Linux, etc.) you are running it on. But the important part is the three chevrons

(>>>), which is the Python prompt—it is your invitation to type in some code, which Python will

then attempt to run.

A long-standing tradition in computer language tutorials is that the first program you

write displays the text “Hello, World!” on the screen—and who am I to break with tradition! So

take a deep breath and type print 'Hello, World!' after the prompt. The Python window will

now display this on the prompt line:

>>> print 'Hello, World!'

If you hit the Enter key, Python will run the line of code you just entered, and if all goes well

you will see this on the screen:

>>> print 'Hello, World!'

Hello, World!

>>> _

Python has executed your line of code, displayed the result, and given you a new prompt to

enter more code. So how exactly does our line of code work? The word print is a statement that

tells Python to print what follows to the screen. Following the print statement is a string, which

is simply a collection of letters and/or digits. Python treats anything between quotes (') as a

string. Try entering your own text between the quote marks and you should find that Python

will print it to the screen just as before.

Numbers

We will come back to strings later, but for now let’s start with the most simple piece of informa-

tion that Python can work with: numbers. Python is so good at working with numbers that you

can use it almost like a calculator. To see it in action, type the following into Python (you don’t

need to type the prompt, since Python displays it for you):

>>> 2+2

Take a guess at what Python will make of this line and hit Enter. If you guessed 4, help yourself

to a cookie—that is exactly what it does. Python has evaluated 2+2, which in Python terms is

known as an expression, and displayed the result. You can also use – for subtract, * for multiply,

8725.book Page 2 Friday, August 24, 2007 5:20 PM

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