Oracle数据库概念详解

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"Oracle® Database Concepts 10g Release 2 (10.2) B14220-02 是Oracle官方发布的数据库概念文档，由Michele Cyran为主要作者，多位专家共同贡献。这份文档详细阐述了Oracle数据库的基础理论、设计原则和操作概念，适用于学习和理解Oracle数据库系统的核心原理。" Oracle数据库是世界上最广泛使用的数据库管理系统之一，而《Oracle Database Concepts》是理解其工作方式的关键资源。文档10g Release 2涵盖了Oracle数据库10.2版本的重要特性与概念，旨在帮助用户深入理解数据库的设计理念和操作机制。文档的主要内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **数据库体系结构**：介绍Oracle数据库的基本组件，如数据块、表空间、段、区、控制文件、日志文件和实例等，以及它们如何协同工作以确保数据的完整性和可用性。 2. **数据存储**：讨论Oracle如何在磁盘上组织和管理数据，包括行格式、索引、物理存储结构（如表和索引的组织方式）以及数据冗余和恢复策略。 3. **SQL语言**：讲解SQL在Oracle中的使用，包括查询、插入、更新和删除数据的语法，以及复杂的联接、子查询和事务管理。 4. **安全性**：介绍Oracle的权限和角色系统，以及如何通过用户管理和权限分配来保护数据安全。 5. **性能优化**：探讨性能监视工具、SQL调优、索引策略、表分区和并行执行等方法，以提升数据库性能。 6. **并发控制**：解释Oracle的多用户环境下的并发处理机制，如锁定、多版本并发控制（MVCC）和死锁检测。 7. **备份与恢复**：涵盖备份策略、数据保护和恢复技术，包括RMAN（恢复管理器）和闪回功能。 8. **高可用性**：讨论高可用性解决方案，如RAC（Real Application Clusters）、数据守护和故障切换机制。 9. **网络配置**：介绍Oracle网络架构，包括Net Services和监听器，以及如何配置客户端连接。 10. **PL/SQL编程**：介绍Oracle的内置过程语言PL/SQL，用于创建存储过程、函数、触发器等数据库对象。这份文档不仅适合初学者了解Oracle数据库的基础知识，也对有经验的DBA和开发人员有很高的参考价值，因为它提供了关于Oracle数据库内部工作原理的深入洞察。由于其官方性质，所有信息都具有权威性和准确性，是学习和解决问题的重要参考资料。

xvi

Nonvolatile ............................................................................................................................... 16-2

Time Variant ............................................................................................................................. 16-2

Differences Between Data Warehouse and OLTP Systems ...................................................... 16-2

Workload................................................................................................................................... 16-2

Data Modifications................................................................................................................... 16-2

Schema Design ......................................................................................................................... 16-3

Typical Operations................................................................................................................... 16-3

Historical Data.......................................................................................................................... 16-3

Data Warehouse Architecture....................................................................................................... 16-3

Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)................................................................................... 16-3

Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area) ......................................................... 16-4

Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts)............................. 16-5

Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) ...................................................... 16-6

Transportable Tablespaces............................................................................................................. 16-7

Table Functions................................................................................................................................ 16-7

External Tables ................................................................................................................................ 16-8

Table Compression ......................................................................................................................... 16-8

Change Data Capture ..................................................................................................................... 16-9

Overview of Materialized Views for Data Warehouses................................................................. 16-9

Overview of Bitmap Indexes in Data Warehousing..................................................................... 16-10

Overview of Parallel Execution ........................................................................................................ 16-11

How Parallel Execution Works................................................................................................... 16-11

Overview of Analytic SQL ................................................................................................................ 16-12

SQL for Aggregation..................................................................................................................... 16-13

SQL for Analysis............................................................................................................................ 16-13

SQL for Modeling.......................................................................................................................... 16-14

Overview of OLAP Capabilities....................................................................................................... 16-14

Benefits of OLAP and RDBMS Integration ............................................................................... 16-14

Scalability ................................................................................................................................ 16-15

Availability.............................................................................................................................. 16-15

Manageability......................................................................................................................... 16-15

Backup and Recovery............................................................................................................ 16-15

Security.................................................................................................................................... 16-16

Overview of Data Mining.................................................................................................................. 16-16

17 High Availability

Introduction to High Availability ...................................................................................................... 17-1

Overview of Unplanned Downtime.................................................................................................. 17-1

Oracle Solutions to System Failures............................................................................................. 17-1

Overview of Fast-Start Fault Recovery ................................................................................ 17-2

Overview of Real Application Clusters................................................................................ 17-2

Oracle Solutions to Data Failures.................................................................................................. 17-2

Overview of Backup and Recovery Features for High Availability................................. 17-2

Overview of Partitioning ....................................................................................................... 17-3

Overview of Transparent Application Failover .................................................................. 17-4

Oracle Solutions to Disasters......................................................................................................... 17-5

Overview of Oracle Data Guard............................................................................................ 17-5

xvii

Oracle Solutions to Human Errors ............................................................................................... 17-6

Overview of Oracle Flashback Features............................................................................... 17-7

Overview of LogMiner............................................................................................................ 17-7

Overview of Security Features for High Availability......................................................... 17-8

Overview of Planned Downtime ....................................................................................................... 17-8

System Maintenance....................................................................................................................... 17-8

Data Maintenance ........................................................................................................................... 17-9

Database Maintenance.................................................................................................................... 17-9

18 Partitioned Tables and Indexes

Introduction to Partitioning ................................................................................................................ 18-1

Partition Key .................................................................................................................................... 18-3

Partitioned Tables ........................................................................................................................... 18-3

Partitioned Index-Organized Tables ............................................................................................ 18-3

Overview of Partitioning Methods.................................................................................................... 18-3

Range Partitioning .......................................................................................................................... 18-4

Range Partitioning Example................................................................................................... 18-5

List Partitioning............................................................................................................................... 18-5

List Partitioning Example ....................................................................................................... 18-5

Hash Partitioning ............................................................................................................................ 18-6

Hash Partitioning Example .................................................................................................... 18-6

Composite Partitioning .................................................................................................................. 18-7

Composite Partitioning Range-Hash Example.................................................................... 18-7

Composite Partitioning Range-List Example ...................................................................... 18-8

When to Partition a Table .............................................................................................................. 18-9

Overview of Partitioned Indexes ....................................................................................................... 18-9

Local Partitioned Indexes............................................................................................................. 18-10

Global Partitioned Indexes .......................................................................................................... 18-10

Global Range Partitioned Indexes....................................................................................... 18-10

Global Hash Partitioned Indexes......................................................................................... 18-11

Maintenance of Global Partitioned Indexes....................................................................... 18-11

Global Nonpartitioned Indexes................................................................................................... 18-12

Miscellaneous Information about Creating Indexes on Partitioned Tables ......................... 18-12

Using Partitioned Indexes in OLTP Applications.................................................................... 18-13

Using Partitioned Indexes in Data Warehousing and DSS Applications ............................. 18-13

Partitioned Indexes on Composite Partitions ........................................................................... 18-13

Partitioning to Improve Performance.............................................................................................. 18-13

Partition Pruning........................................................................................................................... 18-13

Partition Pruning Example................................................................................................... 18-14

Partition-wise Joins....................................................................................................................... 18-14

Parallel DML.................................................................................................................................. 18-14

19 Content Management

Introduction to Content Management............................................................................................... 19-1

Overview of XML in Oracle ................................................................................................................ 19-2

Overview of LOBs................................................................................................................................. 19-3

xviii

Overview of Oracle Text....................................................................................................................... 19-3

Oracle Text Index Types................................................................................................................. 19-4

Oracle Text Document Services .................................................................................................... 19-4

Oracle Text Query Package............................................................................................................ 19-4

Oracle Text Advanced Features.................................................................................................... 19-4

Overview of Oracle Ultra Search........................................................................................................ 19-5

Overview of Oracle interMedia.......................................................................................................... 19-5

Overview of Oracle Spatial ................................................................................................................. 19-6

20 Database Security

Introduction to Database Security ..................................................................................................... 20-1

Database Users and Schemas ........................................................................................................ 20-1

Security Domain ...................................................................................................................... 20-1

Privileges .......................................................................................................................................... 20-2

Roles.................................................................................................................................................. 20-2

Storage Settings and Quotas.......................................................................................................... 20-2

Default Tablespace .................................................................................................................. 20-2

Temporary Tablespace ........................................................................................................... 20-2

Tablespace Quotas ................................................................................................................... 20-2

Profiles and Resource Limits.................................................................................................. 20-2

Overview of Transparent Data Encryption ...................................................................................... 20-3

Overview of Authentication Methods ............................................................................................. 20-4

Authentication by the Operating System ................................................................................... 20-4

Authentication by the Network ................................................................................................... 20-4

Third Party-Based Authentication Technologies ................................................................ 20-5

Public-Key-Infrastructure-Based Authentication................................................................ 20-5

Remote Authentication ........................................................................................................... 20-5

Authentication by the Oracle Database ...................................................................................... 20-5

Password Encryption .............................................................................................................. 20-6

Account Locking ..................................................................................................................... 20-6

Password Lifetime and Expiration ....................................................................................... 20-6

Password Complexity Verification ....................................................................................... 20-6

Multitier Authentication and Authorization ............................................................................. 20-7

Authentication by the Secure Socket Layer Protocol................................................................. 20-7

Authentication of Database Administrators .............................................................................. 20-7

Overview of Authorization ................................................................................................................ 20-8

User Resource Limits and Profiles................................................................................................ 20-9

Types of System Resources and Limits ................................................................................ 20-9

Profiles .................................................................................................................................... 20-11

Introduction to Privileges ............................................................................................................ 20-11

System Privileges ................................................................................................................... 20-12

Schema Object Privileges...................................................................................................... 20-12

Introduction to Roles .................................................................................................................... 20-12

Common Uses for Roles ....................................................................................................... 20-13

Role Mechanisms ................................................................................................................... 20-14

The Operating System and Roles ........................................................................................ 20-14

Secure Application Roles ............................................................................................................. 20-15

xix

Overview of Access Restrictions on Tables, Views, Synonyms, or Rows................................ 20-15

Fine-Grained Access Control....................................................................................................... 20-15

Dynamic Predicates .............................................................................................................. 20-16

Application Context...................................................................................................................... 20-16

Dynamic Contexts.................................................................................................................. 20-16

Fine-Grained Auditing................................................................................................................. 20-17

Overview of Security Policies .......................................................................................................... 20-17

System Security Policy ................................................................................................................. 20-18

Database User Management................................................................................................. 20-18

User Authentication............................................................................................................... 20-18

Operating System Security................................................................................................... 20-18

Data Security Policy...................................................................................................................... 20-18

User Security Policy...................................................................................................................... 20-19

General User Security............................................................................................................ 20-19

End-User Security .................................................................................................................. 20-19

Administrator Security.......................................................................................................... 20-20

Application Developer Security........................................................................................... 20-20

Application Administrator Security.................................................................................... 20-21

Password Management Policy.................................................................................................... 20-21

Auditing Policy.............................................................................................................................. 20-21

Overview of Database Auditing....................................................................................................... 20-21

Types and Records of Auditing .................................................................................................. 20-22

Audit Records and the Audit Trails.................................................................................... 20-23

21 Data Integrity

Introduction to Data Integrity............................................................................................................. 21-1

Types of Data Integrity .................................................................................................................. 21-3

Null Rule ................................................................................................................................... 21-3

Unique Column Values........................................................................................................... 21-3

Primary Key Values................................................................................................................. 21-3

Referential Integrity Rules...................................................................................................... 21-3

Complex Integrity Checking.................................................................................................. 21-3

How Oracle Enforces Data Integrity ........................................................................................... 21-3

Integrity Constraints Description.......................................................................................... 21-4

Database Triggers .................................................................................................................... 21-4

Overview of Integrity Constraints ..................................................................................................... 21-4

Advantages of Integrity Constraints ........................................................................................... 21-5

Declarative Ease ....................................................................................................................... 21-5

Centralized Rules..................................................................................................................... 21-5

Maximum Application Development Productivity............................................................ 21-5

Immediate User Feedback ...................................................................................................... 21-5

Superior Performance.............................................................................................................. 21-5

Flexibility for Data Loads and Identification of Integrity Violations............................... 21-6

The Performance Cost of Integrity Constraints ......................................................................... 21-6

Types of Integrity Constraints ............................................................................................................ 21-6

NOT NULL Integrity Constraints ................................................................................................ 21-6

UNIQUE Key Integrity Constraints ............................................................................................ 21-7

Unique Keys.............................................................................................................................. 21-7

UNIQUE Key Constraints and Indexes................................................................................ 21-8

Combine UNIQUE Key and NOT NULL Integrity Constraints....................................... 21-9

PRIMARY KEY Integrity Constraints ......................................................................................... 21-9

Primary Keys ............................................................................................................................ 21-9

PRIMARY KEY Constraints and Indexes........................................................................... 21-10

Referential Integrity Constraints ................................................................................................ 21-10

Self-Referential Integrity Constraints.................................................................................. 21-12

Nulls and Foreign Keys......................................................................................................... 21-13

Actions Defined by Referential Integrity Constraints...................................................... 21-13

Concurrency Control, Indexes, and Foreign Keys............................................................ 21-14

CHECK Integrity Constraints ..................................................................................................... 21-16

The Check Condition............................................................................................................. 21-16

Multiple CHECK Constraints .............................................................................................. 21-17

The Mechanisms of Constraint Checking ...................................................................................... 21-17

Default Column Values and Integrity Constraint Checking ................................................. 21-19

Deferred Constraint Checking.......................................................................................................... 21-19

Constraint Attributes ................................................................................................................... 21-19

SET CONSTRAINTS Mode ........................................................................................................ 21-19

Unique Constraints and Indexes ................................................................................................ 21-20

Constraint States.................................................................................................................................. 21-20

Constraint State Modification...................................................................................................... 21-21

22 Triggers

Introduction to Triggers ...................................................................................................................... 22-1

How Triggers Are Used ................................................................................................................ 22-2

Some Cautionary Notes about Triggers .............................................................................. 22-3

Triggers Compared with Declarative Integrity Constraints ............................................. 22-4

Parts of a Trigger.................................................................................................................................... 22-5

The Triggering Event or Statement ............................................................................................. 22-5

Trigger Restriction .......................................................................................................................... 22-6

Trigger Action ................................................................................................................................. 22-6

Types of Triggers ................................................................................................................................... 22-7

Row Triggers and Statement Triggers ........................................................................................ 22-7

Row Triggers ........................................................................................................................... 22-7

Statement Triggers .................................................................................................................. 22-7

BEFORE and AFTER Triggers ...................................................................................................... 22-7

BEFORE Triggers .................................................................................................................... 22-8

AFTER Triggers ....................................................................................................................... 22-8

Trigger Type Combinations .................................................................................................. 22-8

INSTEAD OF Triggers ................................................................................................................... 22-9

Modify Views .......................................................................................................................... 22-9

Views That Are Not Modifiable ............................................................................................ 22-9

INSTEAD OF Triggers on Nested Tables .......................................................................... 22-10

Triggers on System Events and User Events ............................................................................ 22-10

Event Publication .................................................................................................................. 22-11

Event Attributes .................................................................................................................... 22-11

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